Wednesday, April 15, 2015

*****New Post*****Personality can be defined as consistency in a person’s way of being that is, long-term consistency in their particular ways of perceiving, thinking, acting and reacting as a person. Organized patterns of thought and feeling and behavior.


TEOFILO KISANJI UNIVERSITY MBEYA - CAMPUS

                                              [TEKU]  

                                              

       Training for better life
PROJECT ON “CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENTS & OLD PEOPLE AND FACTORS FOR THEIR PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES”.

 

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Mad, KABELEGE

TPS 601: COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY

SUBMISSION DATE: 8TH APRIL, 2015



©2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS


INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….…1
Personality………………………………………………………………....1
Adolescent …………………………………………………………….…..1
Stages of Adolescents……………………………………………………...1
Old people…………………………………………………………………1
MAIN BODY…………………………………………………………………….2
Characteristics of Adolescents……………………………………………..2
Characteristics of Old people………………………………………………3
Factors for their personality differences between Adolescents and Old  people……………………………………………………………………….7
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………...9

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………10
 




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Personality can be defined as consistency in a person’s way of being that is, long-term consistency in their particular ways of perceiving, thinking, acting and reacting as a person. Organized patterns of thought and feeling and behavior.
Adolescence is from Latin adolescere meaning “to grow up” is a transitional age of physical and psychological human development generally occurring during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). The period of adolescence is most closely associated with the teenage years, though its physical, psychological and cultural expressions can begin earlier and end later.
Three main stages of adolescence can be discerned as early adolescence (9-13 years) characterized by a spurt of growth and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Mid adolescence (14-15 years), this stage is distinguished by the development of a separate identity from parents, of new relationships with peer groups and the opposite sex, and of experimentation. Late adolescence (16-19 years). At this stage, adolescents have fully developed physical characteristics (similar to adults), and have formed a distinct identity and have well-formed opinions and ideas.
old age, also called senescence , in human beings, the final stage of the normal life span. Definitions of old age are not consistent from the standpoints of biology, demography (conditions of mortality and morbidity), employment and retirement, and sociology. For statistical and public administrative purposes, however, old age is frequently defined as 60 or 65 years of age or older.
Characteristics of old age comprise both physical and mental characteristics. old age are so unlike the marks of middle age that it has been suggested that, as an individual transitions into old age, he or she might well be thought of as different persons “time-sharing” the same identity.
These characteristics do not occur at the same chronological age for everyone. In addition, they occur at different rates and order for different people.
The following are characteristics of the Adolescent
Labile Emotions. Adolescents can shift moods rapidly, vacillating between happiness, distress, self-confidence, and worry. Some of these mood changes stem from biological sources. Increased hormones and changes to the brain structure arise from normal physical growth. In addition, complex social interactions such as conflicts with friends, school pressures and experimentation with romantic relationships can exacerbate the labile emotional state of adolescents.
Personal Identity. Adolescence is a time when teenagers begin to explore and assert their personal identities. During this developmental period, teenagers engage in a process of searching for where they fit in with peers and society. It is common for adolescents to have an unstable sense of self, try out new personal labels, and associate with various peer groups.
Adolescent is engaged in a struggle to create a stable and permanent sense of self-to achieve a degree of self-awareness and self-acceptance. Again, play will be the context within which this need for identity can often be met.
Peer Relationships. During adolescence, relationships with peers begin to take precedence over relationships with the family. Although family interactions are still important and essential for a teen’s development, adolescents often place a stronger emphasis on their friends’ perceptions and values. Likewise, during the adolescent years, teens might be strongly influenced by their peers beliefs and behaviors. Paired with adolescents' limited life experience and under developed decision-making skills, teenagers are often vulnerable to negative peer pressure.
 Adolescent is experiencing a transition from the concrete form of reasoning that typifies the middle childhood years to a reasoning that is abstract and hypothetical. The intellectual need of the adolescent is a need for abstract conceptualization.

Independence and Testing Boundaries. Adolescents often test parents’ and teachers’ rules and boundaries. Although this rebellious behavior might seem oppositional to parents, in most cases, this behavior is driven by the adolescent’s need to develop autonomy, experience new activities and earn more independence, explains the American Psychological Association. Even though teenagers can benefit from testing boundaries during adolescence, they still require rules and boundaries if they are to avoid negative influences and achieve their potential.

Self centered Attitudes. It is often difficult for adolescents to look at circumstances from other people’s perspectives. This is due, in part, to their still-developing brain structures. Thus, adolescents might come off as self-centered and focused on their own needs without considering how those needs affect others. This apparent lack of empathy is normal and typically resolves itself once a teen reaches the end of adolescence. However, a complete lack of empathy in adolescents could mean a more significant underlying mental health issue exists. If that is the case, consult a mental health worker.

. The following are the general characteristics of old people;

Bone and joint. Old bones are marked by “thinning and shrinkage.” This results in a loss of height (about two inches by age 80), a stooping posture in many people, and a greater susceptibility to bone and joint diseases such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.
Chronic diseases. Most older persons have at least one chronic condition and many have multiple conditions. In 2007-2009, the most frequently occurring conditions among older persons in the United States were uncontrolled hypertension (34%), diagnosed arthritis (50%), and heart disease (32%).
Dental problems. Less saliva and less ability for oral hygiene in old age increase the chance of tooth decay and infection.
Digestive system. About 40% of the time, old age is marked by digestive disorders such as difficulty in swallowing, inability to eat enough and to absorb nutrition, constipation and bleeding.
Eyesight. Diminished eyesight makes it more difficult to read in low lighting and in smaller print. Speed with which an individual reads and the ability to locate objects may also be impaired.
Falls. Old age spells risk for injury from falls that might not cause injury to a younger person. Every year, about one-third of those 65 years old and over half of those 80 years old fall.  Falls are the leading cause of injury and death for old people.
Hair usually becomes thinner and grayer.
Hearing. By age 75 and older, 48% of men and 37% of women encounter impairments in hearing. Of the 26.7 million people over age 50 with a hearing impairment, only one in seven uses a hearing aid.
Hearts are less efficient in old age with a resulting loss of stamina. In addition, atherosclerosis can constrict blood flow.
Lungs expand less well; thus, they provide less oxygen.
Pain afflicts old people at least 25% of the time, increasing with age up to 80% for those in nursing homes. Most pains are rheumatologic or malignant.
Sexual activity decreases significantly with age, especially after age 60, for both women and men.  Sexual drive in both men and women decreases as they age.
Skin loses elasticity, becomes drier, and more lined and wrinkled.
Sleep trouble holds a chronic prevalence of over 50% in old age and results in daytime sleepiness. In a study of 9,000 persons with a mean age of 74, only 12% reported no sleep complaints. By age 65, deep sleep goes down to about 5%.
Taste buds diminish so that by age 80 taste buds are down to 50% of normal. Food becomes less appealing and nutrition can suffer.
Voice. In old age, vocal cords weaken and vibrate more slowly. This results in a weakened, breathy voice that is sometimes called an “old person’s voice.
Adaptable describes most people in their old age. In spite the stressfulness of old age, they are described as “agreeable” and “accepting.” However, old age dependence induces feelings of incompetence and worthlessness in a minority.
Depressed mood. According to Cox, Abramson, Devine, and Hollon (2012), old age is a risk factor for depression caused by prejudice (i.e., “deprejudice”). When people are prejudiced against the elderly and then become old themselves, their anti-elderly prejudice turns inward, causing depression. “People with more negative age stereotypes will likely have higher rates of depression as they get older. Old age depression results in the over-65 population having the highest suicide rate.
Fear of crime in old age, especially among the frail, sometimes weighs more heavily than concerns about finances or health and restricts what they do. The fear persists in spite of the fact that old people are victims of crime less often than younger people.
Mental disorders afflict about 15% of people aged 60+ according to estimates by the World Health Organization. Another survey taken in 15 countries reported that mental disorders of adults interfered with their daily activities more than physical problems.
Reduced mental and cognitive ability afflicts old age. Memory loss is common in old age due to the decrease in speed of information being encoded, stored, and retrieved. It takes more time to learn new information. Dementia is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Its prevalence increases in old age from about 10% at age 65 to about 50% over age 85.  Alzheimer's disease accounts for 50 to 80 percent of dementia cases. Demented behavior can include wandering, physical aggression, verbal outbursts, depression, and psychosis.
Set in one’s ways describes a mindset of old age. A study of over 400 distinguished men and women in old age found a “preference for the routine.” Explanations include old age’s toll on the “fluid intelligence” and the “more deeply entrenched” ways of the old.

The following are the factors of the old people and adolescents for their personality differences, that includes,

Adolescents are not very experienced in life whereas old people are very much experienced in their life. This is the reason why many youngsters sought their advice regarding important matters concerned with their lives.
Adolescents are after fashion and anything new in the market whereas old people are generally not after fashion and anything new in the market. This is because of the fact that they had already satisfied themselves with most of their wants.
Adolescents work by probability whereas old people work by their experience. Young people take many chances in their lives whereas old people do not take many chances. They bank upon their life long experience.
Adolescents are more enthusiastic and strong when compared to old people. This is because of the fact that young people are characterized by young blood. On the other hand, old people are characterized by old blood and hence they generally lose their strength when they get advanced in their age.
Adolescents generally tolerate errors and blemishes. On the other hand, old people do not generally tolerate mistakes and blemishes. They always try to correct the mistakes and errors in others. This behavior of the old people may irritate the young people to some extent.
Diseases do not usually attack adolescents whereas diseases easily attack old people. The immunity level in young people is generally high whereas old people have reduced levels of immunity.
The brain of adolescent tends to work faster and quicker than that of the old people. This is because of the fact that the human brain tends to lose its activity when the individual advances in age. One spouse has reached the age of 50 to join, regardless of the age of the other spouse.

Environment. It is highly contributing to the personality differences between old people and adolescents. For example, who are living in cold climate areas between old people and adolescents tend to have different personalities. Old people will be highly affected by the climate than the adolescent.

Therefore, old people and adolescent can be concluded that every stage of life has to be passed as analyzed when a person reach to that stage. According to the findings adolescence is the time of testing and desire of mastering things, also it is the time of being independent in their decision making, while old people are more likely to have better emotion well being and mostly are living by experience. The caregivers of these two groups have to identify their characteristics so that to avoid the unnecessary conflicts between them.







 REFERENCES.
Butler R. N. (1975).Why Survive? Being Old in America. New York: Harper &

Row Publishers
Branje, S. J. T., van Lieshout, C. F. M., and  van Aken, M. A. G. (2004). Relations between Big
Five personality characteristics and perceived support in adolescents. Cambridge. Cambridge Publishers.
Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., and  Shiner, R. L. (2005). Personality development. London.
Chapman Publishers.
Pew Research Center, “Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality,”
“Old age starts at 54 (and youth ends at 32) that's if you ask young people” at
Zizza, C. A., Ellison, K. J. and Wernette, C. M. (2009). Total Water Intakes of Community-
Living Middle-Old and Oldest Adults. New York. McGraw-Hill.  



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