Aman Makoye Shabane's Blog: Education Studies & Methods of Teaching

Showing posts with label Education Studies & Methods of Teaching. Show all posts

Friday, July 13, 2018

BREAKING NEWS; MATOKEO YA KIDATO CHA SITA 2018 HAPA

BFYA LINK HAPA CHINI KUYAPATA>>>>>

http://41.59.85.98/results/2018/acsee/acseex.htm

Friday, May 25, 2018

OFFICIAL NEWS: THE LIST OF SELECTED FORM SIX LEAVER STUDENTS TO JOIN JKT 2018 NATIONAL SERVICES

TAARIFA JKT KWA UMMA

Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa (JKT), limefanya uteuzi wa wanafunzi waliohitimu elimu ya sekondari kidato cha sita kutoka shule zote za Tanzania Bara kwa mwaka 2018, kuhudhuria mafunzo ya JKT kwa mujibu wa Sheria.

Sanjari na uteuzi huo, JKT limewapangia Makambi ya JKT watakayokwenda kupatiwa mafunzo kwa muda wa miezi mitatu na wanatakiwa kuripoti makambini kuanzia tarehe 01-10 June 2018.

Wahitimu hao, wamepangiwa katika Kambi za JKT Rwamkoma – Mara, JKT Msange – Tabora, JKT Ruvu – Pwani, JKT Makutupora – Dodoma, JKT Mafinga – Iringa, JKT Mlale – Ruvuma, JKT Mgambo na JKT Maramba – Tanga, JKT Makuyuni – Arusha, JKT Bulombora, JKT Kanembwa, Nachingwea- Lindi na JKT Mtabila – Kigoma.

Aidha, wahitimu wenye ulemavu wa kuonekana kwa macho (physical disabilities) wanatakiwa kuripoti kambi ya Ruvu JKT iliyopo mkoani Pwani ambayo ina miundombinu ya kuhudumia wa jamii hiyo.

Vijana watakaochaguliwa watatakiwa kujigharamia nauli za kwenda na kurudi kwenye makambi ya JKT waliyopangiwa wakiwa na vifaa vifuatavyo:

Bukta ya rangi ya Dark blue yenye mpira kiunoni (lastic), iliyo na mfuko mmoja nyuma, urefu unaoishia magotini isiyo na zipu. Aidha bukta za wanawake zinatakiwa kuwa na lastic magotini.

Raba za michezo zenye rangi ya kijani.

Shuka mbili za kulalia zenye rangi ya blue bahari.

Soksi ndefu za rangi nyeusi.

Nguo za kuzuia baridi kwa waliopangwa kwenye mikoa yenye baridi.

Track Suit ya rangi ya kijana au bluu

Mkuu wa JKT anawakaribisha vijana wote walioteuliwa ili waweze kujiunga na vijana wenzao katika kujifunza Uzalendo, Umoja wa Kitaifa, stadi za kazi, stadi za maisha na Utayari wa kulijenga na kulitumikia Taifa letu.

Orodha kamili ya majina ya vijana na makambi ya JKT waliyopangiwa vinapatikana kwenye tovuti ya JKT ambayo ni www.jkt.go.tz

BOFYA JINA LA KIKOSI HAPO CHINI KUANGALIA MAJINA JA VIJANA WA MUJIBU WA SHERIA AWAMU YA KWANZA 2018

Tuesday, January 30, 2018

BARAZA LA MITIHANI TAIFA LA TANGAZA MATOKEO YA KIDATO CHA NNE 2017

Baraza la Mitihani la Taifa (Necta) limetangaza matokeo ya kidato nne ambapo ufaulu umeongezeka kwa asilimia saba.

Jumla ya watahiniwa 385, 767 walisailiwa kufanya mtihani kidato cha nne mwaka 2017, kati yao 287,713 sawa na asilimia 77.09 ndio wamefaulu ambapo wasichana ni 143,728 sawa na asilimia 75.21 na wavulana 143,985 sawa na asilimia 79.06.

Akitangaza matokeo hayo leo Januari 30, 2018 Katibu Mtendaji wa Necta, Dk Charles Msonde amesema mwaka 2016 watahiniwa waliofaulu walikuwa 277,283 sawa na asilimia 70.09.

Amesema matokeo ya watahiniwa 50 wa shule ambao walipata matatizo ya kiafya na kushindwa kufanya baadhi ya masomo ya mitihani hiyo, watapata fursa hiyo mwaka huu.

"Watahiniwa 77 wa shule ambao walipata matatizo ya kiafya na kushindwa kufanya mtihani watapata fursa mwaka 2018," amesema Dk Msonde.

Dk Msonde amesema watahiniwa 265 waliobainika kufanya udanganyifu katika mitihani matokeo yao yamefutwa huku mtahiniwa mmoja akiandika matusi katika karatasi yake ya majibu.

==>Yatazame Matokeo hapo chini

LINK 1: MATOKEO KIDATO CHA NNE CSEE 2017
http://tanzania.go.tz/matokeo_2017/CSEE2017.htm
LINK 2: MATOKEO KIDATO CHA NNE CSEE 2017
http://tanzania.go.tz/matokeo_2017/CSEE2017.htm

Tuesday, January 9, 2018

MATOKEO KIDATO CHA PILI 2017 HAYA HAPA; BOFYA LINKS ZIFATAZO>>>

LINK 1: http://41.59.82.188/matokeo/ftna/index.htm

LINK 2: http://www.necta.go.tz/results/2017/ftna/ftna.htm

Monday, November 6, 2017

MATOKEO DARASA LA SABA 2017>>>>>HAYA HAPA

http://www.necta.go.tz/matokeo/2017/psle/psle.htm

Saturday, July 15, 2017

MATOKEO KIDATO CHA SITA 2017 YATOKA>>>>

BOFYA LINK HAPA KUYAONA MATOKEO>>>>

LINK 1: http://www.tamisemi.go.tz/noticeboard/tangazo-1070-20170715-Matokeo-ya-Kumaliza-Kidato-cha-Sita-na-Ualimu-2017/ACSEE2017/index.htm

LINK 2:http://www.tamisemi.go.tz/noticeboard/tangazo-1070-20170715-Matokeo-ya-Kumaliza-Kidato-cha-Sita-na-Ualimu-2017/DSEE%202017.htm

LINK 3:http://www.tamisemi.go.tz/noticeboard/tangazo-1070-20170715-Matokeo-ya-Kumaliza-Kidato-cha-Sita-na-Ualimu-2017/GATCE%202017.htm

Saturday, June 10, 2017

SELECTIONS ZA KIDATO CHA TANO NA UFUNDI MWAKA 2017 HIZI HAPA>>>>>>

WALIOCHAGULIWA KIDATO CHA TANO NA UFUNDI AWAMU YA KWANZA 2017
BOFYA HAPA;

LINK 1: http://www.tamisemi.go.tz/form_five_selection_or/

WALIOCHAGULIWA KIDATO CHA TANO NA UFUNDI AWAMU YA PILI 2017
BOFYA HAPA;
LINK 2 ; http://www.tamisemi.go.tz/noticeboard/tangazo-1068-20170609-Uchaguzi-kujiunga-kidato-cha-5-vyuo-vya-ufundi-2017/ORODHA-YA-WANAFUNZI-WATAKAOPANGIWA-AWAMU-II-light.pdf

Thursday, April 13, 2017

AJIRA MPYA KWA WALIMU WA SAYANSI NA HISABATI, ORODHA YA MAJINA HAYA HAPA>>>>> LINK HAPA

LINK 1:

http://tamisemi.go.tz/noticeboard/tangazo-1064-20170412-Ajira-za-walimu-hisabati-na-Sayansi-2017/Orodha-ya-Walimu-wa-Shahada-wa-Ajira-Mpya-kwa-Masomo-ya-Sayansi-na-Hisabati.pdf

LINK 2 :http://tamisemi.go.tz/noticeboard/tangazo-1064-20170412-Ajira-za-walimu-hisabati-na-Sayansi-2017/Orodha-ya-Walimu-wa-Ajira-Mpya-kwa-Masomo-ya-Sayansi-na-Hisabati.pdf

SOURCE : http://www.tamisemi.go.tz/

Tuesday, January 31, 2017

MATOKEO KIDATO CHA NNE NA MTIHANI WA MAARIFA (QT) HAYA HAPA 2016

Baraza la Mitihani la Taifa (NECTA) limetangaza matokeo ya kidato cha nne mwaka 2016 ambapo umefaulu wa jumla umeongezeka kwa 2.56% kutoka 67.53% mwaka 2015 hadi 70.09% mwaka 2016.

Katibu Mtendaji wa barza hilo, Dkt Charles Msonde amesema kati ya wanafunzi 408,372 waliofanya mtihani, jumla ya wanafunzi 277,283 wamefaulu, wakiwemo wasichana 135,859 sawa na asilimia 67.06 na wavulana 141,424 sawa na asilimia 73.26.

Kwa upande wa watahiniwa wa shule, Dkt Msonde amesema kuwa 244,762 sawa na asilimia 70.35 ya waliofanya matihani wamefaulu ikilinganishwa na wanafunzi 240,996 sawa na asilimia 67.91 waliofaulu mwaka 2015.

Kwa upande wa ubora wa ufaulu, amesema watahiniwa wa shule wenye ufaulu mzuri wa Daraja la kwanza hadi la tatu ni 96,018 sawa na asilimia 27.60.

Kwa upande wa masomo, amesema ufaulu katika masomo ya History, Geography, Kiswahili, English Language, Basic Mathematics, Physics, Biology, Commerce na Book keeping umepanda kwa kati ya asilimia 0.12 na 8.08 ikilinganishwa na mwaka 2015.

Somo lililoongoza kwa ufaulu ni Kiswahili ambapo asilimia 77.75 wamefaulu na somo la mwisho ni Basic Maths ambalo asilimia 18.12 ya watahiniwa wa shule wamefaulu.

Kati ya wanafunzi 10 bora kitaifa, wanafunzi 5 ni wasichana na 5 ni wavulana wakiongozwa na Alfred Shauri kutoka Feza Boys ya Dar es Salaam

Kati ya shule 10 zilizofanya vibaya kitaifa, shule 6 zinatoka katika mkoa wa Dar es Salaam wakati shule iliyoongoza ikiwa ni Feza Boys ya Dar es Salaam. Pia katika shule kumi bora kitaifa, hakuna shule ya serikali

Mkoa wa Njombe umeongoza katika mikoa 10 iliyofanya vizuri zaidi kitaifa ukifuatiwa na Iringa, Kagera, Kigoma na Kilimanjaro huku halmashauri za Bukoba Mjini, Njombe, Kakonko, Kahama na Wang'ing'ombe pia zikiibuka vinara

>>>MATOKEO KIDATO CHA NNE 2016 LINK HII>>>>>http://www.tanzania.go.tz/result_csee_2016/CSEE_2016/index.htm

NA
BOFYA HAPA KUPATA MATOKEO YA MTIHANI WA MAARIFA (QT)
http://41.188.172.30/matokeo/QT2016.html

SOURCE: NECTA

Thursday, October 27, 2016

MATOKEO YA DARASA LA SABA HEWANI 2016 >>>>> BOFYA LINK HAPA CHINI KUYAONA

http://41.188.136.77:8080/matokeo/2016/psle/psle.htm

Saturday, September 17, 2016

TAFAKARI NA FALSAFA MBALI MBALI ZA WASOMI

Revised Decision On Minimum Admission Entry Qualifications For Undergraduate Students

RE: REVISED DECISION ON MINIMUM ADMISSION ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS FOR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

The Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU) through the earlier public notice issued on 11th July, 2016 notified the General Public and all Prospective applicants for admission into various undergraduate degree programmes of the Government’s decision to change the Procedures, Requirements and Minimum Admission Entry Qualifications for Undergraduate Students for all categories of applicants.

According to that notice, the Minimum Admission Entry Qualifications for applicants with Ordinary Diploma (NTA Level 6) qualifications is at least four O’-Level passes (Ds and above) or NVA Level III with less than four O’-Level passes or equivalent foreign qualifications as established by either NECTA or VETA; AND at least a GPA of 3.5. Whereas the Minimum Admission Entry Qualifications for applicants with Full Technician Certificate (FTC) qualifications is at least four O’-Level passes (Ds and above) or NVA Level III with less than four O’-Level passes or equivalent foreign qualifications as established by either NECTA or VETA; AND Average of B.

By this notice, the General Public and all applicants with Ordinary Diploma and Full Technician Certificate (FTC) qualifications are hereby informed that the earlier decision on the Minimum Admission Entry Qualifications for applicants is hereby revised from GPA of 3.5 to 3.0 for holders of Ordinary Diploma (NTA Level 6) and for FTC holders from an average of “B” to “C”.

In this context, TCU informs all applicants with Ordinary Diploma qualifications with at least a GPA of 3.0 and holders of Full Technician Certificate (FTC) with an average score of at least “C” that, they are now eligible to apply for admission into various undergraduate degree programmes through the Central Admission System (CAS).

Please note the following instructions:

1. Applicants who had previously applied through the National Council for Technical Education (NACTE) and who meet the revised Minimum Admission Entry Qualifications stated herein are not required to re-apply.

2. Applicants who were yet to apply and who meet the revised Minimum Admission Entry Qualifications stated herein are required to apply upon payment of the prescribed admission fee through the prescribed procedures spelt out in the Admissions Guidebook. The new applicants are strongly advised to carefully read the Admissions Guidebook for Holders of Ordinary Diploma or Equivalent Qualifications only.

3. The deadline for applications is 23rd September, 2016.

For further information or clarification please contact the Tanzania Commission for Universities through the following:

Phone:+255 (0) 22 2772657

Hotlines: +255(0) 683 921 928

+255 (0) 675 077 673

Fax: +255 (0) 22 277289

Email: es@tcu.go.tz

Issued by

The Executive Secretary

Tanzania Commission for Universities

15th September, 2016

SOURCE : http://www.mpekuzihuru.com/2016/09/revised-decision-on-minimum-admission.html

Monday, September 12, 2016

How to control Bureaucracy

Friday, September 2, 2016

TAARIFA KWA UMMA

OR-TAMISEMI inatangaza majina ya wanafunzi waliochaguliwa kujiunga na Kidato cha Tano awamu ya Pili (Second Selection) kwa mwaka 2016. Jumla ya wanafunzi 3,918 wakiwemo wasichana 2,413 na wavulana 1,505 wamechaguliwa kujiunga na Kidato cha Tano awamu ya pili kwa ajili ya kujaza nafasi zilizoachwa wazi na wanafunzi ambao hawakuripoti awamu ya kwanza.

Kati ya wanafunzi waliochaguliwa 1,864 wakiwemo wasichana 1,099 na wavulana 765 sawa na asilimia 47.58 watajiunga na masomo ya Sayansi na Hisabati; na wanafunzi 2,054 wakiwemo wasichana 1,314 na wavulana 740 sawa na asilimia 52.42 wamechaguliwa kusoma masomo ya Sanaa na Biashara.

Wanafunzi waliochaguliwa kujiunga na Kidato cha Tano awamu ya pili mwaka 2015 wanatakiwa kuripoti katika shule walizopangwa kwa wakati. Endapo mwanafunzi atachelewa kuripoti kwa zaidi ya siku 14 kuanzia tarehe ya tangazo hili atakuwa amepoteza nafasi hii.

Orodha ya wanafunzi waliochaguliwa kujiunga na Kidato cha Tano awamu ya pili mwaka 2016 inapatikana kwenye tovuti ya OR-TAMISEMI ya www.tamisemi.go.tz

Imetolewa na Katibu Mkuu,
OR-TAMISEMI

BOFYA LINK HAPA KUYAPATA http://tamisemi.go.tz/form_five_selection/second/

Friday, July 15, 2016

BREAKING NEWS - MATOKEO KIDATO CHA SITA HAYA HAPA>>>2016

BARAZA LA MITIHANI TAIFA

BOFYA LINK HAPA CHINI>>>>>>

http://tanzania.go.tz/result_acsee_2016/ACSEE2016/index.htm

Friday, June 24, 2016

SELECTIONS ZA KIDATO CHA TANO MWAKA 2015/2016 ZATOKA RASIMI NA MWISHO WA KURIPOTI>>>>> CHECK IN YOUR SELECTION

OR-TAMISEMI inawatangazia majina ya wanafunzi waliochaguliwa kujiunga na Kidato cha Tano na Vyuo vya Ufundi kwa mwaka 2016. Wanafunzi waliochaguliwa ni kutoka shule za Serikali na zisizo za Serikali. Jumla ya wanafunzi 65,720 wakiwemo wasichana 29,457 na wavulana 36,263 wamechaguliwa kujiunga na Kidato cha Tano na Vyuo vya Ufundi. Kati ya wanafunzi waliochaguliwa 34,064 wakiwemo wasichana 13,466 na wavulana 20,598 sawa na asilimia 52 watajiunga na masomo ya Sayansi na Hisabati; na wanafunzi 30,897 wakiwemo wasichana 15,445 na wavulana 15,452 sawa na asilimia 47 wamechaguliwa kusoma masomo ya Sanaa na Biashara na wanafunzi 759 wakiwemo wasichana 220 na wavulana 539 sawa na asilimia 1 wamechaguliwa kujiunga na vyuo vya Ufundi.
Wanafunzi waliochaguliwa kujiunga na Kidato cha Tano mwaka 2016 wataanza muhula wa kwanza tarehe 11 Julai, 2016 na hakutakuwa na mabadiliko yoyote ya shule. Wanafunzi wote wanatakiwa kuripoti katika shule walizopangwa kwa wakati. Endapo mwanafunzi atachelewa kuripoti hadi tarehe 24 ambayo ndiyo siku ya mwisho ya kuripoti, nafasi yake itachukuliwa na mwanafunzi mwingine aliyekosa nafasi.
Orodha ya wanafunzi waliochaguliwa kujiunga na Kidato cha Tano na Vyuo vya Ufundi mwaka 2016 pamoja na fomu za kujiunga (joining instructions) inapatikana kwenye tovuti ya OR-TAMISEMI ya www.tamisemi.go.tz
Imetolewa na Katibu Mkuu,
OR-TAMISEMI
Tumia link hii kupata matokeo http://tamisemi.go.tz/form_five_selection/

Sunday, June 12, 2016

Challenges arises during managing protected areas in Tanzania.

Protected areas are areas of land or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means( International Union for Conservation of Nature,2008).

These are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural, ecological and cultural values. There are several kinds of protected areas in Tanzania which range from wild life national parks, game reserves, mountains, marine parks, forest reserve, world heritage historical sites and fresh water protected areas (United Nations, 2003). Examples of protected areas of Tanzania are Gombe national park, Katavi, Ruaha national park and many more.

In Tanzania protected areas are protected by the government in collaborating with the local communities for the aim of maintaining the quality and existence of natural resources for sustainable use and to maintain eco-system and biological diversity in a long term.

Generally protected areas refers to geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means to archive the long term conservation of nature with associated eco-system and cultural value.

The following are the main challenges arises during managing protected areas in Tanzania;-

Land encroachment by human which lead to loss of habitat of wild animals, this problem is emanated due to population growth of people which lead to horizontal movement of people to the protected areas like in national parks and game reserves in which people started to create or establish settlement and agriculture(Walter,1992). This situation led to the destruction of habitat of wild animals which finally culminate to loss of biodiversity.

Poor representation of habitat of the organism in the protected areas. This situation is caused due to poor management and inefficient work of managers. Example in Tanzania many habitats are not well represented in the current network of protected areas, less than four percentage of the Ocean is protected fresh water habitats are also poorly represented.

Pollution, this is the challenge arising during managing protected areas in Tanzania like in national parks and in marine protected areas whereby it can be air or water pollution, this tend to affect the health and life of organism found in those protected areas, example with water pollution tend to affect the aquatic organism like fishes(Phillips,2004).

Lack or poor connectivity between protected areas, this situation is attributed to human activities like deforestation that reduce the size of protected areas, some species especially big animals like Bears need large areas of natural habitats in order to feed and find mates. Few protected areas are large enough to support more than a few individuals of this species and many isolated from other areas of natural habitats (Niger and Stolton, 2008).

Poor management. Protected areas most of them lack efficient and effective management from the leader or administration concerned. This situation culminates to the poaching activities to exist in those areas hence some of the species diminish totally due to the poaching activities.

Poaching activities; This. is the problem of many protected areas in Tanzania like in national parks, game reserves in which the poachers tend to hunt the wild animals like elephants illegal, this activity contribute to disappearance of the wild organism in protected areas(Phillips,2004).

Lack of accurate data, this prevents them from getting an exact overview of the exact and changes to the threat to wild life. This may lead to ineffective management of those protected areas hence lead to illegal hunting and disappearance of species.

Financial problem, fixing representative in protected area network in place and managing them effectively requires money, this problem is intense particularly in developing countries like Tanzania(Chape,2003).thus led to poor management of protected areas.

Environmental degradation arising from the invasion of water sources areas by livestock keepers or herdsmen, also due to illegal human activities related to agriculture, settlement along the slopes of mountain, on top of mountain range, in river valley and around water sources, through this way led to difficult situation of managing those protected areas (Nigel and Stolton, 2008).

Drying up of water sources resulting from the planting and growth of alien and exotic trees species, this situation tend to challenge the whole process of managing the protected areas in Tanzania particular in marine protected areas, and this situation is emanated due to high rate of evaporation hence led to death of aquatic organisms.

Limited public awareness and involvement in environmental protection and sustainable utilization of natural resources, this situation tend to hamper the process of managing the protected areas in Tanzania (Chape, 2003), example in marine protected areas where the people are reluctant to participate in conserving the protected areas.

Natural resources use conflicts like land use conflicts between various stakeholders , this situation challenge the process of managing protected areas in Tanzania because of those conflicts which occurred due to stiff competition particular in utilizing the resources like water , forests, wild life and land(Phillips,2004).

Therefore for protected areas to remain existing the managers must stand on and lack illusions about the problems which face the protected areas and also they must manage the protected areas properly so that to avoid the resources scarcity, depletion of species and destruction of protected areas.

REFERENCES

Phillips, A,(2004) The History of the International System of Protected Area Management Categories.

Chape, S et al (2003) United Nations List of Protected Areas, IUCN,Gland Cambridge Press.

Niger D. and Stolton S.(2008) Defining Protected Areas;An International Conference.

SOLVED QUESTIONS ABOUT G.I.S>>CHECK OUT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Question one

The effectiveness an efficiency of GIS database depends on how it can perform different functions, and give different scenarios or alternatives for reference in planning and decision making. Briefly comment the statement.

Question two.

i. Briefly describe the importance of establishment of Information Need Assessment from different stakeholders in order to structure and design GIS database.

ii. Describe GIS data models and the benefits of GIS.

iii. Describe the factors which influence establishment of GIS database in any organization.

iv. Describe the steps procedure of applying ODBC IN Database Management system.

Question three.

Briefly describe derivative mapping, process simulation and modeling in GIS technology.

Question one.

The effectiveness and efficient of GIS database depend on how it can perform different functions and give different scenarios or alternatives for reference in planning and decision making. Briefly comment the statement.

It is true that the effectiveness and efficient of GIS database depend on how it can perform different functions and give different scenarios for reference in planning and decision making as commented bellow;

It offers a number of techniques for storing data and allows using the most efficient one. This means that it support storage optimization.

It allows imposing rules on the stored data, which will be automatically checked after each update to the data. Meaning support data integrity.

It also offers easy to use data manipulation languages, which allows performing all sorts of data extraction and data updates. Meaning that it has a query facility.

It can be used by multiple users at the same time, this means that it allow concurrent use.

GIS database function provide quick and easy access to large volume of geographical data, it allow the user to understand geographical in an easy manner without having to go to large volume of confusing data and it help to visualize the geography of a particular location.

Question two.

i). Briefly describe the importance of Establishment of Information Need Assessment from different stakeholders in order to structure and design GIS data base.

In order to structure and design GIS database information need assessment from different stakeholders in order to structure and design GIS data Base is very important aspect as follows.

Information need assessment helps to ensure sources of information, this will help to know were to get reliable information for example form individuals, private sectors, government institutions or research international agencies.

Helps to ensure markets of information produced, this can be achieve through assessing the demand of information, affordability, and identifying if people are willing to pay for information.

Helps to know the sources of data (major and minor sources of data), quality of available data, types of data, uses of data (planning, reporting decision making, and monitoring evaluation research), and reliability and accessibility of data.

Helps to identify the required resources such as hardware, software, tools, financial resources, technical expertise, maintenance program, and working environment.

Finally helps in maintaining security of data, updating procedures information management personnel and information dissemination procedures and guidelines.

ii). Describe GIS Data Model and Benefit of GIS.

A data model in geographic information systems is a mathematical construct for representing geographic objects or surfaces as data. For example, the vector data model represents geography as collections of points, lines, and polygons; the raster data model represent geography as cell matrices that store numeric values; and the TIN data model represents geography as sets of contiguous, no overlapping triangles.

The benefits of GIS

a. Cost savings resulting from greater efficiency. These are associated either with carrying out the mission (i.e., labor savings from automating or improving a workflow) or improvements in the mission itself.

b. Better decision making. This typically has to do with making better decisions about location. Common examples include real estate site selection, route/corridor selection, zoning, planning, conservation, natural resource extraction

c. Improved communication. GIS-based maps and visualizations greatly assist in understanding situations and story telling. They are a new language that improves communication between different teams, departments, disciplines, professional fields, organizations, and the public.

d. Better geographic information recordkeeping. Many organizations have a primary responsibility of maintaining authoritative records about the status and change of geography (geographic accounting).

Improved allocation of resources and planning.

iii). Describe the factors which influence establishment of GIS Database in any organization.

a) The need to simple and became fully managed. GIS database enable easy management of any organization.

b) The need to have reliability and security. In any organization confidentiality is required thus GIS can help to maintain security of information.

c) The need to ensure partnerships and integrations. GIS database technology can provide easy coordination among organizations hence increase performance among them.

d) The need of developing an institutional memory. GIS database helps to keep records for future use.

e) The need to improve Performance and scalability.

f) The need to have more convenient maintenance.

iv). Describe the steps procedure of applying ODBC in Database Management system.

Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is a standard that allows programs to read from almost all of the databases currently available. Also, Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) can be defined as Microsoft's strategic interface for accessing data in a heterogeneous environment of relational and non- relational database management systems. Based on the Call Level Interface specification of the SQL Access Group, ODBC provides an open, vendor- neutral way of accessing data stored in a variety of proprietary personal computer, minicomputer, and mainframe databases. (Andrew, 2003).

The steps procedure for applying ODBC in Database management system includes the following;

Step 1: Connect to the Data Source; the first step in any application is to connect to the data source. This phase, including the functions it requires. It deals with connecting to the data source is to load the Driver Manager and allocate the environment handle with SQLAllocHandle.

Step 2: Initialize the Application, The second step is to initialize the application; exactly what is done here varies with the application. At this point, it is common to use SQLGetInfo to discover the capabilities of the driver.

Step 3: Build and Execute and SQL Statement, the methods used to perform this step are likely to vary tremendously. The application might prompt the user to enter an SQL statement, build an SQL statement based on user input, or use a hard-coded SQL statement.After the SQL statement is built and any parameters are bound, the statement is executed with SQLExecDirect.

Step 4a: Fetch the Results, if the statement executed in "Step 3: Build and Execute an SQL Statement" was a select statement or a catalog function, the application first calls SQLNumResultCols to determine the number of columns in the result set. This step is not necessary if the application already knows the number of result set columns, such as when the SQL statement is hard-coded in a vertical or custom application.

Step 4b: Fetch the Row Count, if the statement executed in Step 3: it deals with an update, delete, or insert statement; the application retrieves the count of affected rows with SQLRowCount. The application now returns to step 3 to execute another statement in the same transaction or proceeds to step 5 to commit or roll back the transaction.

Step 5: Commit the Transaction, The fifth step is to call SQLEndTran to commit or roll back the transaction. The application performs this step only if it set the transaction commit mode to manual-commit; if the transaction commit mode is auto-commit, which is the default, the transaction is automatically committed when the statement is executed.

Step 6: Disconnect from the Data Source, the final step is to disconnect from the data source, as shown in the following illustration. First, the application frees any statement handles by calling SQLFreeHandle.Next, the application disconnects from the data source with SQLDisconnect and frees the connection handle with SQLFreeHandle

The basic application steps are shown in the following illustration below;

Question Three.

Briefly describe derivative mapping, process simulation and modeling in GIS technology.

Typically the mapping process is made up of the following phases of work, (Clarhe, 2003).

Planning, a mapping project is usually initiated as a result of the user requirement, study and analysis.

Cartographic production phase, this phase starts with cartographic design which determines what the end product will look like.

Product delivery phase, this phase involves the storage and management of printed maps and the establishment of map sales offices and other channels for distribution to the user.

Data acquisition phase, this phase of work includes the selection and establishment of the geographical reference framework and the actual collection of geospatial data by the methods of geodetion and land surveying, photogrammetric, and remote sensing.

Generally, the mapping process is always described as a cycle in the sense that after the completion of the four phases of work described here, the mapping agency has the obligation to maintain a map revision program.

GIS modeling uses spatial data analysis techniques to produce models of spatial phenomena. There are two main objectives in GIS modeling; to understand and to predict. For understanding, generalization of spatial phenomena is made. (Yeung, 2007).

There are six basics steps to follow in GIS modeling;

i. Stating the problem or define the goals of the model. This is analogous to defining a research problem. What are the phenomena to be modeled?

ii. Breaking down the problem into components or elements and to define the properties of each element and the interaction between the elements in the form of a conceptual diagram.

iii. Searching for data

iv. Deciding on one or more suitable spatial analytical models to use

v. Deciding on suitable GIS program (vector or raster model) to use, and

vi. Implementing the model in the GIS environment and calibration of the model. The modeler needs data to run and calibrate the model.

Process simulation is used for the design, development, analysis, and optimization of technical processes such as: chemical plants, chemical processes, environmental systems, power stations, complex manufacturing operations, biological processes, and similar technical functions. (Rhodes, 1996).