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Rais Magufuli aeleza sababu za kusitisha ajira serikalini kwa muda

TAARIFA KWA VYOMBO VYA HABARI

Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania Dkt. John Pombe Magufuli amesema serikali imeamua kusimamisha kwa muda mfupi usiozidi miezi miwili zoezi la utoaji ajira mpya na upandishaji wa vyeo kwa watumishi wa umma kwa lengo la kupisha uhakiki wa watumishi wa umma katika orodha ya malipo ya mshahara na kuondoa watumishi hewa. 

 

Rais Magufuli amesema hayo leo tarehe 22 Juni, 2016 katika Jubilei ya miaka 50 ya Benki Kuu ya Tanzania (BOT) iliyofanyika katika ukumbi wa Benki hiyo, Mtaa wa Mirambo Jijini Dar es salaam.

 

Dkt. Magufuli amesema zoezi hilo halina nia ya kuwakatisha tamaa watumishi wa umma na amewahakikishia watumishi wote wa umma kuwa serikali itaendelea kuajiri watumishi wapya na kuwapandisha vyeo waliopo kama kawaida mara baada ya kukamilika kwa zoezi.

 

"Serikali ninayoiongoza haina nia ya kuwakatisha tamaa wafanyakazi, lengo lake ni kujipanga kwa makosa tuliyoyafanya, na ndio maana nimesema kwa kipindi cha mwezi mmoja hivi au hata mwezi mmoja na nusu, haitazidi miezi miwili, tusiajiri mtumishi yeyote serikalini, lakini pia katika kipindi cha mwezi mmoja hatutawapandisha vyeo wafanyakazi, ninaomba wafanyakazi waelewe hili, kwa sababu tukiendelea tutakuwa tunawapandisha vyeo hata wafanyakazi ambao hawapo, tunafanya ukaguzi wote tukishamaliza wafanyakazi wataendelea kupandishwa vyeo" amesema Rais Magufuli.

 

Wakati huo huo, Rais Dkt. John Pombe Magufuli ameipongeza Benki Kuu ya Tanzania kwa kazi kubwa iliyoifanya katika kipindi cha miaka 50 katika kusimamia sekta ya fedha na maendeleo, lakini ameitaka benki hiyo kuchukua hatua za haraka dhidi ya baadhi ya changamoto zinazoyahusu majukumu yake.

 

Miongoni mwa changamoto hizo ni idadi ndogo ya watanzania wanaonufaika na huduma za benki hususani waishio vijijini, benki kutoza riba kubwa na hivyo kusababisha wananchi kuogopa kukopa kwa hofu ya kushindwa kulipa, kuilinda thamani ya Shilingi ya Tanzania, na kukusanya kodi ipasavyo kwa miamala inayofanywa kupitia simu za mkononi kwa kushirikiana na Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Mawasiliano Tanzania (TCRA).

 

Changamoto nyingine ni kusimamia ipasavyo maduka ya kubadilishia fedha (Bureau  de change) ili kuthibiti utakatishaji na utoroshaji wa fedha na kuhakikisha ushukaji wa mfumuko wa bei uliotoka asilimia 28 hadi kufikia asilimia 5.1 katika kipindi cha miaka 15 iliyopita unaonesha matokeo katika nafuu ya maisha ya watanzania.

 

Aidha, Rais Magufuli ameiagiza Benki Kuu ya Tanzania kuchukua hatua mara moja dhidi ya benki ambazo hazizalishi faida zikiwemo benki za serikali, kufuta account mfu (Domant account) na kuanzisha mara moja akaunti moja ya mapato na matumizi ya serikali (Single Treasury Account)

 

Jubilei hiyo imehudhuriwa na Magavana na Manaibu Gavana kutoka nchi 18 za Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC) na Jumuiya ya Maendeleo kusini mwa Afrika (SADC), Mabalozi kutoka nchi mbalimbali, Viongozi wa Taasisi za fedha za Afrika na Makatibu wakuu wa Wizara za Fedha na Mipango wa Tanzania Bara na Tanzania Zanzibar.

Gerson Msigwa

Kaimu Mkurugenzi wa Mawasiliano, IKULU

Dar es salaam

22 Juni, 2016 

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http://www.mpekuzihuru.com/2016/06/rais-magufuli-aeleza-sababu-za.html 

Serikali yasitisha ajira zote

Na Mwandishi Wetu, Dar es Salaam
SERIKALI imesitisha ajira zote, kama njia ya kukabiliana na wimbi la watumishi hewa.
Kutokana na uamuzi huo hivi sasa hakuna nyongeza ya mishahara kwa watumishi wa Serikali na wakala zake pamoja na utoaji wa vibali wa likizo ya bila malipo.
Akizungumza na MTANZANIA jana jijini Dar es Salaam Katibu Mkuu Utumishi, Dk. Laurean Ndumbaro, alisema kuwa Serikali imesitisha kwa muda utoaji wa ajira, ili kupitia upya muundo wa Serikali na taasisi zake.
Alisema utekelezaji wa mkakati huo utakwenda sambamba na kusitisha kwa muda utoaji wa vibali vya ajira zote mbadala pamoja na uidhinishaji wa ajira hizo zilizopo Sekreterieti ya Ajira katika utumishi wa umma na kwenye mfumo wa taarifa za kiutumishi.
“Ni kweli tumesitisha kwa muda ili kupitia mfumo wa Serikali na hata kuangalia ulipaji wa mishahara kama upo katika malipo stahiki.
“…na hili litakwenda sambamba na hata kusitishwa malipo ya mishahara yanayotokana na upandishwaji wa vyeo kwa watumishi. Tukimaliza zoezi hili ndipo tunaweza kuanza kutoa ajira za Serikali,” alisema Dk. Ndumbaro.
Alisema muundo mpya wa utumishi wa Serikali unakwenda sambamba na uhakiki wa malipo ya mishahara, hivyo ni lazima ujue ni nani unayemlipa kuliko ilivyo sasa.
Kwa mujibu wa maelekezo hayo uhamisho na uidhinishaji katika mfumo wa watumishi ambao wamehamishwa kutoka kwa mwajiri mmoja kwenda kwa mwajiri mwingine ambao atalipwa mshahara mkubwa kuliko ule wa sasa pia utaangaliwa kwa lengo la kupata taarifa sahihi za mtumishi husika.
“Baada ya kukamilika kwa zoezi la uhakiki watumishi pamoja na tathmini ya muundo wa Serikali na taasisi zake, wote wataarifiwa ni lini utekelezaji utaendelea,” alisema.
Taarifa kutoka maeneo mbalimbali nchini, zililiambia gazeti hili kuwa maelekezo hayo yalitolewa Juni 13, mwaka huu na kusambazwa katika maeneo mbalimbali ikiwemo kwa makatibu wakuu wote, makatibu tawala wa mikoa, kwa wakuu wa idara za Serikali zinazojitegemea.
Waliotakiwa kutekeleza maelekeo hayo ya Serikali ni wakurugenzi wote wa majiji, manispaa na miji, wakurugenzi watendaji wa halmashauri za wilaya, watendaji wa taasisi za umma na watendaji wa wakala za Serikali kwa upande wa Tanzania Bara.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF NGO’S TOWARD ERADICATION OF STREET CHILDREN IN TANZANIA. A CASE STUDY OF MBEYA CITY COUNCIL

Challenges arises during managing protected areas in Tanzania.

Protected areas are areas of land or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means( International Union for Conservation of Nature,2008).

These are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural, ecological and cultural values. There are several kinds of protected areas in Tanzania which range from wild life national parks, game reserves, mountains, marine parks, forest reserve, world heritage historical sites and fresh water protected areas (United Nations, 2003). Examples of protected areas of Tanzania are Gombe national park, Katavi, Ruaha national park and many more.

In Tanzania protected areas  are protected by the government in collaborating with the local communities for the aim of maintaining the quality and existence of natural resources for sustainable use and to maintain eco-system and biological diversity in a long term.

Generally protected areas refers to geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means to archive the long term conservation of nature with associated eco-system and cultural value.

The following are the main challenges arises during managing protected areas in Tanzania;-

Land encroachment by human which lead to loss of habitat of wild animals, this problem is emanated due to population growth of people which lead to horizontal movement of people to the protected areas like in national parks and game reserves in which people started to create or establish settlement and agriculture(Walter,1992). This situation led to the destruction of habitat of wild animals which finally culminate to loss of biodiversity.

Poor representation of habitat of the organism in the protected areas. This situation is caused due to poor management and inefficient work of managers. Example in Tanzania many habitats are not well represented in the current network of protected areas, less than four percentage of the Ocean is protected fresh water habitats are also poorly represented.

Pollution, this is the challenge arising during managing protected areas in Tanzania like in national parks and in marine protected areas whereby it can be air or water pollution, this tend to affect the health and life of organism found in those protected areas, example with water pollution tend to affect the aquatic organism like fishes(Phillips,2004).

Lack or poor connectivity between protected  areas, this situation is attributed to human activities like deforestation that reduce the size of protected areas, some species especially big animals like Bears need large areas of natural habitats in order to feed and find mates. Few protected areas are large enough to support more than a few individuals of this species and many isolated from other areas of natural habitats (Niger and Stolton, 2008).

Poor management. Protected areas most of them lack efficient and effective management from the leader or administration concerned. This situation culminates to the poaching activities to exist in those areas hence some of the species diminish totally due to the poaching activities.

Poaching activities; This. is the problem of many protected areas in Tanzania like in national parks, game reserves in which the poachers tend to hunt the wild animals like elephants illegal, this activity contribute to disappearance of the wild organism in protected areas(Phillips,2004).

Lack of accurate data, this prevents them from getting an exact overview of the exact and changes to the threat to wild life. This may lead to ineffective management of those protected areas hence lead to illegal hunting and disappearance of species.

Financial problem, fixing representative in protected area network in place and managing them effectively requires money, this problem is intense particularly in developing countries like Tanzania(Chape,2003).thus led to poor management of protected areas.

Environmental degradation arising from the invasion of water sources areas by livestock keepers or herdsmen, also due to illegal human activities related to agriculture, settlement along the slopes of mountain, on top of mountain range, in river valley and around water sources, through this way led to difficult situation of managing those protected areas (Nigel and Stolton, 2008).

Drying up of water sources resulting from the planting and growth of alien and exotic trees species, this situation tend to  challenge the whole process of  managing the protected areas in Tanzania particular in marine protected areas, and this situation is emanated due to high rate of evaporation hence led to death of aquatic organisms.

Limited public awareness and involvement in environmental protection and sustainable utilization of natural resources, this situation tend to hamper the process of managing the protected areas in Tanzania (Chape, 2003), example in marine protected areas where the people are reluctant to participate in conserving the protected areas.

Natural resources use conflicts like land use conflicts between various stakeholders , this situation challenge the process of managing protected areas in Tanzania because of those conflicts which occurred due to stiff competition particular in utilizing the resources like water , forests, wild life and land(Phillips,2004).

Therefore for protected areas to remain existing the managers must stand on and lack illusions about the problems which face the protected areas and also they must manage the protected areas properly so that to avoid the resources scarcity, depletion of species and destruction of protected areas.

  

REFERENCES

Phillips, A,(2004) The History of the International System of Protected Area                        Management Categories.

Chape, S et al (2003) United Nations List of Protected Areas, IUCN,Gland Cambridge Press.

Niger D. and Stolton S.(2008) Defining Protected Areas;An International Conference.

 

Mechanism used by the colonialist to stabilize labourers in their colonial Economy in East Africa colony

Colonial economy refers to the system of production and consumption which were introduced in the colonies by the colonialist in order to fulfill their economic demand such as raw-materials, markets, area for investment as well as area for settlement

.

Colonial economy was built in Africa over a span of years after establishment of colonial political control.  In this case the colonial economy was introduced through several ways such as creation method, destruction method and preservation method example of colonial economy are like agricultural economy, industry, mining and commercial economy particularly in the 19^th century.(Odhiambo, 1977)

Colonial labour, this refers to the workers who was part and parcel in the production of colonial demands such as cash crops, the people work in agriculture, mining, industry, and commercial activities.and it categorized into contract labour and migrant labour

Contract labour , this is the kind of workers who signed the contract with the colonialist with the interest of working in the colonial system

Migrant labour, this was the kind of workers who moved from one area of production to another area example from Tanga to Morogoro (Koponen,1996)

The stabilization of labour in Germans and British in the colonial East African economy was passed the following mechanisms.

Land alienation; the native African people were forced to shift from their home fertile land to un-productive land this resulted to the stabilization of labour when the African people were not producing any production due to poor land where they were sited and lefted their productive land purposely for the production of the materials wanted by the colonialist such as cash crops for the colonial interest example the Usambara region escaped the government control because the DOAG had concessionary rights there and African leader claimed vast un occupied areas.  Thus they keep on supplying the labour to ensure constant supply of food to their families and homes.(Cohen, 1978)

Monetization Introduction; the use of money was surprisingly rarely before 1890’s soon after the Germans gave monetization high priority paying their employees in cash and gradually and demanding that tax to be paid back in special and not in kind.  In 1900’s the case was currently more accessible in half of each region.  In the north-East coin were the normal currency in Shambaa market, Machame market Chagga and Maasai.  This encouraged them to supply labour with the interest of getting money.  Hence the stabilization of labour.(Illife, 1979)

Taxation were introduced; The tax could not be collected in cash in most parts of Kilimanjaro.  In 1898 while in the remote Mbulu area as late as 1906 a rupee were replaced on a stone in the house for fear that it might sink into the ground.  In 1903 coin were current even where in Kilimatinde district except remote Usandawe example of tax are heart tax, head tax and matiti tax. In this case the people of Africa they keep on working to the colonial infrastructure so as to get money for paying tax to the colonial government.(Koponen, 1996)

Forced labour; During the Germany colonial system the East African people were forced to work especially during the railway construction in East-Africa.  In 1891 the DOAG undertook to build a line inland from Tanga through the project plantation area around Usambara to Kilimanjaro and possibly Lake Victoria.  The Tanga line was built slowly and with much forced labour.  They are forcing every one to work without pay neither wages nor food.  Hence the method to stabilize the labourers in colonial East Africa (Koponen, 1996)

Political compulsion to secure farm labour.  Each settler entering Usambara in the late 1890’s was allocated several villages whose headmen had to provide a fixed number of workers each day.  This system helped to discredit Kilindi rule and include Kingashi to abdicate in 1902 for fear of assassination.  Hence the stabilization of labours in East African colony.(Odhiambo, 1977)

Low wages payment; in 1907 the district officers imposed a solution by issuing each shamba with a card obliging him to work for European for thirty days every four months at a fixed wage.  On pain of being conscripted for public works example in Lushoto district earned shilling 20 for thirty days work and local workers only 9-10 shilling.

Card system; this system was quickly spreaded for they satisfied both employers and administrators.  The government tacitly accepted one in Morogoro which was based on an arrangement between the planters and the district office.  Handeni on the other hand government forbades a system whereby Akidas applied laborers who had to work until they provided substitutes.  Hence the mechanism to stabilize labour in East Africa-colonial economy (Cohen, 19780)

.

Migrant Labour; In stabilizing labour forces, Germany created different Labour Reserves that were used to ensure labour supply to the colonial farms.  Example Kigoma Region were selected to be a labour reserve.  Laborers were taken simply to the farms when the colonial master were in need of them.  Also this, helped in discouraging resistance among Africans toward Germany colonialists.

Registration of workers and trade unions in East Africa this goes hand with hand with the introduction of SILABU by the British in Tanganyika that stands for sisal labour Bureau specially in Morogoro as well as in Kenya there was EASU which stands for labour trade union in East Africa.  Both these ensured the constant supply of labour to the colonial government.  Hence labour stabilization in East Africa (Shillington, 1995)

Through manufactured goods importation, this includes the luxury goods as well as clothes.  Due to this sense East African people they were ready to work in the colonial government with the interest of getting money to by such manufactured goods which were imported in the country by the colonialist.  Hence the mechanism to stabilize the labour in the colonial East African Economy (Shillington, 1995)

.

Introduction of western education (colonial education).  The skilled labour to work in the color job were maintained or obtained when the colonial education were provided.  This skilled labour were employed lower sectors like clerk and messengers to work on behalf of the colonial master in the colonial economy example these skilled labour were trained in schools that were established by them such as Tabora boys (Tabora).  Hence the mechanism to stabilize labours in British and German colonial East African Economy.(Illife, 1979)

Despite of the fact that slave trade was abolished by then but slavery was still existing in the entire colonies due to the push and pull factors.  These East African labour was not easily to escape from this issue of becoming labourers such as land alienation, low wages- payment, forced labour, migrant labour as well asl introduction of colonial education at all.

REFERNCES

Cohen, R et al, (1978), African Labour History. London, SAGE publishers

Illite, J. (1979). A modern history of Tanganyika, Cambridge University press.

Koponen, J. (1996). Development for exploitation, Helsink.

Odhiambo, E.S e al (1977), A History of East Africa, Nairobi, Longman Group Ltd

Shillington, K. (1995). History of Africa. Revised Edition-Adis Ababa, Macmillan publishers.

SOLVED QUESTIONS ABOUT G.I.S>>CHECK OUT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Question one

The effectiveness an efficiency of GIS database depends on how it can perform different functions, and give different scenarios or alternatives for reference in planning and decision making. Briefly comment the statement.

Question two.

                    i.            Briefly describe the importance of establishment of Information Need Assessment from different stakeholders in order to structure and design GIS database.

                  ii.            Describe GIS data models and the benefits of GIS.

                iii.            Describe the factors which influence establishment of GIS database in any organization.

                iv.            Describe the steps procedure of applying ODBC IN Database Management system.

Question three.

Briefly describe derivative mapping, process simulation and modeling in GIS technology.

Question one.

The effectiveness and efficient of GIS database depend on how it can perform different functions and give different scenarios or alternatives for reference in planning and decision making. Briefly comment the statement.

It is true that the effectiveness and efficient of GIS database depend on how it can perform different functions and give different scenarios for reference in planning and decision making as commented bellow;

It offers a number of techniques for storing data and allows using the most efficient one. This means that it support storage optimization.

It allows imposing rules on the stored data, which will be automatically checked after each update to the data. Meaning support data integrity.

It also offers easy to use data manipulation languages, which allows performing all sorts of data extraction and data updates. Meaning that it has a query facility.

It can be used by multiple users at the same time, this means that it allow concurrent use.

GIS database function provide quick and easy access to large volume of geographical data, it allow the user to understand geographical in an easy manner without having to go to large volume of confusing data and it help to visualize the geography of a particular location.

Question two.

i). Briefly describe the importance of Establishment of Information Need Assessment from different stakeholders in order to structure and design GIS data base.

In order to structure and design GIS database information need assessment from different stakeholders in order to structure and design GIS data Base is very important aspect as follows.

Information need assessment helps to ensure sources of information, this will help to know were to get reliable information for example form individuals, private sectors, government institutions or research international agencies.

Helps to ensure markets of information produced, this can be achieve through assessing the demand of information, affordability, and identifying if people are willing to pay for information.

Helps to know the sources of data (major and minor sources of data), quality of available data, types of data, uses of data (planning, reporting decision making, and monitoring evaluation research), and reliability and accessibility of data.

Helps to identify the required resources such as hardware, software, tools, financial resources, technical expertise, maintenance program, and working environment.

Finally helps in maintaining security of data, updating procedures information management personnel and information dissemination procedures and guidelines.

ii). Describe GIS Data Model and Benefit of GIS.

A data model in geographic information systems is a mathematical construct for representing geographic objects or surfaces as data. For example, the vector data model represents geography as collections of points, lines, and polygons; the raster data model represent geography as cell matrices that store numeric values; and the TIN data model represents geography as sets of contiguous, no overlapping triangles.

The benefits of GIS

a.       Cost savings resulting from greater efficiency. These are associated either with carrying out the mission (i.e., labor savings from automating or improving a workflow) or improvements in the mission itself.

b.      Better decision making. This typically has to do with making better decisions about location.  Common examples include real estate site selection, route/corridor selection, zoning, planning, conservation, natural resource extraction

c.       Improved communication. GIS-based maps and visualizations greatly assist in understanding situations and story telling.  They are a new language that improves communication between different teams, departments, disciplines, professional fields, organizations, and the public.

d.      Better geographic information recordkeeping. Many organizations have a primary responsibility of maintaining authoritative records about the status and change of geography (geographic accounting).

5. Improved allocation of resources and planning.

 iii). Describe the factors which influence establishment of GIS Database in any organization.

a) The need to simple and became fully managed. GIS database enable easy management of any organization.

b) The need to have reliability and security. In any organization confidentiality is required thus GIS can help to maintain security of information.

c) The need to ensure partnerships and integrations. GIS database technology can provide easy coordination among organizations hence increase performance among them.

d) The need of developing an institutional memory. GIS database helps to keep records for future use.

e) The need to improve Performance and scalability.

f) The need to have more convenient maintenance.

iv). Describe the steps procedure of applying ODBC in Database Management system.

Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is a standard that allows programs to read from almost all of the databases currently available. Also, Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) can be defined as Microsoft's strategic interface for accessing data in a heterogeneous environment of relational and non- relational database management systems. Based on the Call Level Interface specification of the SQL Access Group, ODBC provides an open, vendor- neutral way of accessing data stored in a variety of proprietary personal computer, minicomputer, and mainframe databases. (Andrew, 2003).

The steps procedure for applying ODBC in Database management system includes the following;

Step 1: Connect to the Data Source; the first step in any application is to connect to the data source. This phase, including the functions it requires. It deals with connecting to the data source is to load the Driver Manager and allocate the environment handle with SQLAllocHandle.

Step 2: Initialize the Application, The second step is to initialize the application; exactly what is done here varies with the application. At this point, it is common to use SQLGetInfo to discover the capabilities of the driver.

Step 3: Build and Execute and SQL Statement, the methods used to perform this step are likely to vary tremendously. The application might prompt the user to enter an SQL statement, build an SQL statement based on user input, or use a hard-coded SQL statement.After the SQL statement is built and any parameters are bound, the statement is executed with SQLExecDirect.

Step 4a: Fetch the Results, if the statement executed in "Step 3: Build and Execute an SQL Statement" was a select statement or a catalog function, the application first calls SQLNumResultCols to determine the number of columns in the result set. This step is not necessary if the application already knows the number of result set columns, such as when the SQL statement is hard-coded in a vertical or custom application.

Step 4b: Fetch the Row Count, if the statement executed in Step 3: it deals with an update, delete, or insert statement; the application retrieves the count of affected rows with SQLRowCount. The application now returns to step 3 to execute another statement in the same transaction or proceeds to step 5 to commit or roll back the transaction.

Step 5: Commit the Transaction, The fifth step is to call SQLEndTran to commit or roll back the transaction. The application performs this step only if it set the transaction commit mode to manual-commit; if the transaction commit mode is auto-commit, which is the default, the transaction is automatically committed when the statement is executed.

Step 6: Disconnect from the Data Source, the final step is to disconnect from the data source, as shown in the following illustration. First, the application frees any statement handles by calling SQLFreeHandle.Next, the application disconnects from the data source with SQLDisconnect and frees the connection handle with SQLFreeHandle

The basic application steps are shown in the following illustration below;

Question Three.

Briefly describe derivative mapping, process simulation and modeling in GIS technology.

Typically the mapping process is made up of the following phases of work, (Clarhe, 2003).

Planning, a mapping project is usually initiated as a result of the user requirement, study and analysis.

Cartographic production phase, this phase starts with cartographic design which determines what the end product will look like.

Product delivery phase, this phase involves the storage and management of printed maps and the establishment of map sales offices and other channels for distribution to the user.

Data acquisition phase, this phase of work includes the selection and establishment of the geographical reference framework and the actual collection of geospatial data by the methods of geodetion and land surveying, photogrammetric, and remote sensing.

Generally, the mapping process is always described as a cycle in the sense that after the completion of the four phases of work described here, the mapping agency has the obligation to maintain a map revision program.

GIS modeling uses spatial data analysis techniques to produce models of spatial phenomena. There are two main objectives in GIS modeling; to understand and to predict. For understanding, generalization of spatial phenomena is made. (Yeung, 2007).

There are six basics steps to follow in GIS modeling;

        i.            Stating the problem or define the goals of the model. This is analogous to defining a research problem. What are the phenomena to be modeled?

      ii.            Breaking down the problem into components or elements and to define the properties of each element and the interaction between the elements in the form of a conceptual diagram.

    iii.            Searching for data

    iv.            Deciding on one or more suitable spatial analytical models to use

      v.            Deciding on suitable GIS program (vector or raster model) to use, and

    vi.            Implementing the model in the GIS environment and calibration of the model. The modeler needs data to run and calibrate the model.

Process simulation is used for the design, development, analysis, and optimization of technical processes such as: chemical plants, chemical processes, environmental systems, power stations, complex manufacturing operations, biological processes, and similar technical functions. (Rhodes, 1996).

  

REFERENCES

Albert K.W.Yeung, (2007). Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information Systems. Pearson Prentice

                                 Hall. 

Anderson, Andrew. (2003). "Open Database Connectivity in Jaguar". O'Reilly MacDevCenter

                                  And Media.  

Keith C. Clarhe, (2003). Getting Started with Geographic Information Systems. Pearson Education Ink

Rhodes C.L. (1996). “The Process Simulation Revolution: Thermo physical Property Needs and Concerns”.