RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY , RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

Theory is the set of interrelated concept, definitions that present a systematic people or phenomena by specifying relationship among various variables, while research can be defined as systematic examinations of the observed information in order to find answer for questions. (Salm. J 2004).

Theory provides the conceptual understanding of hypothesis and that hypothesis are used in process of research; example leaders may be taken as hypothesis and then conduct the research.

Theory present and integrate common framework of developing knowledge and also knowledge is developing or developed from a research.

The function of research is to define ambiguity and misconception surrounding the theory, example a theory of leaders and may decide to conduct a research

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The relationship between theory, research and practice,

Theory guide research but research create and modify refines theory

Theory is speculation and principles that can be used to explain or predict phenomena. Good special education teachers, examples use techniques used based upon theories of learning and theories of leaning and theories of instruction when teaching their students.

Theory can be also to generate the hypothesis that can be tested by research the result of such research may provide the evidence that support the theory, which in turn strengthening the theory.

Theory is the set of assumptions, propositions, or accepted facts that attempt to provide a plausible or rational explanation of causes and effect relationships among a group of observed phenomena. Or theory is an ordered set of assertion about a generic behaviour or structure assumed to hold throughout a significantly broad range of specific instance, researchers defines theory as the statement of relationships between units observed or approximated in the empirical world.www.research.html.com

Approximated units means constructs, which by their very nature cannot be observed directly. A theory may be viewed as a system of constructs and variables in which the constructs are related to each other by proposition and the variable are related to each other by hypothesis ;( Bacharach, 1989).

Theories are statement indicates the importance of relationship-building in explaining how and why specific phenomena will occur. Sometimes how and why and specific predictions are condensed into the expression adequate explanation, which implies that unless an explanation can predict, it is not considered adequate (hunt 1991), the primary goals of a theory is to answer the questions of how, when or where, and why, unlike the goal of descriptions, which is to answer the questions of what or how, (Bacharach, 1989).

Research refers to knowledge search, once can also define research as the scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation, or a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge or systematized effort to gain new knowledge. It is actually a voyage of discovery (Kothari, 2004).

Research brings changes in theory, example teachers may bring changes to any ambiguity that could occur in education setting through conducting the research. It makes them cooperatives and active in facing the situation easily. It also happens to brings about changes in the behaviour, attitude and teaching performance,

Research provides practical utility, for any theory to be applied, example teachers implies their own observation into the classroom practices to make the observed problems solved. Minor problems in the classroom in the classroom can be observed and derived from education theories (babbies, 2001).

Research may produce results that cause the theory to be revised or to be rejected, and research can be divided into two main categories. Basic research, which is inquiry aimed at increasing a new scientific knowledge and applied research its effort at using basic research for solving problems or developing new processes, products, or techniques.www.britanica.com

Research projects have strong theoretical bases that guide the planning, implementation, data analysis, and conclusions of the studies that are being conducted. In addition, conclusion will be drawn from the research that will have direct implications for revising existing theories or developing new ones, of particular importance to practitioners is that interpretations also will be drawn from the research projects that will have direct implication for improving the delivery of assistive technology services, means that important research cannot be conducted or can be tested (Kroto, 2001).

  The following bellow is the diagrams that used to show the relationship between theory research and practice.

RESEARCH

THEORY

PRACTICE

The relationship between theory and research both of them serves as the foundation for any practices, in turn the results of the research conducted it can have an impacts of the development and revision of theories of any context as well as in leaning and instruction. Those relationships are illustrated by the double headed arrows linking the practices circle with the theory and research circle figure above (Fawcett et al, 1986).

How classical managerial theory is applicable

Classical managerial theory was introduced in the late of 19^th century, it become widespread in the first half of the 20^th century, as the organization tried to address issues of the industrial management workers relationship, while other management theories have evolved since then classical management theories approaches are still used today by small-business owners to build their companies and to succeed.

The following are the applications of the classical management theory,

It can be applied in different organizations and including educational organizations; example hierarchical structures in which there are three distinct management levels, each management has its own objectives and responsibilities.

Top management is usually is the board of directors or the chiefs of executive who are responsible for the long terms goals of the organization.

Middle management overseas the supervisors, setting department goals according to the approved budget.

At the lower level supervisor who overseas day to day activities, address employees issues and provide employee training.

TOP MANAGEMENT

MIDDLE MANAGMENT

LOW LEVEL OF MANAGMENT

It can also be applied in division of labour of which the project are broken down into smaller task that are easy to complete, the division of labour approach level is to increases the productivity and higher efficiency, as workers are not expected to multitask small business owners can benefit from this approach, example in school setting, there is the executives which consist of the headmaster, second master, academic master, discipline master also there are departments, subject teachers, and non staff teachers.

Can be also applicable in the monetary incentives, the employee should be motivated by monetary records, in others words they will work harder and become more productive if they have incentives to look forward to this  gives management easier to control over the worker force.

Can be also applied in decision making, examples in school or any others organization such as the headmaster is the concept taken from classical management theory and it is the control part of the theory.

Organizational functions and efficiency techniques, applications of the time and motivation, and the best way approach, the organization should be flexible enough to find the alternative solution based on the qualitative analysis of the workers and technical supervisor. This will now come to the organizational adjustments as to the following

The organizations guideline should be based on the adjusted recommendations and alternatives made by the workers and technical supervisor also organizations should be adjusted by the time and motion analysis made by the key informant as to the rights workers tools, processes and system, and operations as suggested by the technical supervisors from their qualitative scientific analysis on the specific location of facilities and equipment.

The application of human relation theory in relation to organization,

Human relation theory was developed around 1920 to 1930s, emerged out of the human relation movement. The movement level a greater on the man managing the machines and tresses the important of individuals as well as the group’s relations, human relation theory was proposed by Elton mayo, basically the study and understanding of human relation theory is pertinent in order to understand the human elements in primary schools. Human being is differing in terms of biologically and socially because of these individuals’ differences. Human needs are also different, so that to satisfy these, there should be consideration for interaction among the human elements in primary schools so as to achieve the stated educational objectives concerning primary level of education and the attention is required in these areas.

 The followings are the application of human relation theory,

Human relationships takes different forms, relationships can be formal, or informal, short or long, close or distant, cordial or unfriendly. Every person has their own kind of relationships with one or more persons. The form of relationship you relate to, the relationship between the superior and his subordinates is different from that of his peer. Thus the relationship between two persons who are known to each other will be different from the relationship one has with an unknown person.

It is useful in understanding how to treat people like human being and not like a machine.

It is useful in reminding managers to use participatory method to make decision in any organization.

It is useful in reminding education managers on the role of intrinsic motivation.

To remind the manager to understand and also appreciate the existence of the informal and formal groups.

It is useful in realising social conflict that is necessary in any organization.

Application of contingences theory in managing the organization theory,

Contingences management theories are based on the theory that management effectiveness is contingence or depend upon the interplay between the application of information of management behaviour and specific situation. In other way the way you manage, you should change depending on the circumstances one size does not fit all.

Contingences management found its foundation in the contingency theory of leadership effectives this developed by psychologist Fred Fielder.

The theory state the relationship that leadership effectiveness as it relates to group effectiveness, this is the components of two factor task motivation, or relationship motivation and circumstances, your measure task motivation or relation motivation and by the least preferred co-workers (LPC)scale.

The LPC scale ask the managers to think of the person they least linking the working with and then rate that person on set of questions like involving an 8-point scale.

The theory state task or relation motivation is contingent upon whether the manager is able to both control and effect the group’s situations. Fielder believed that people with higher LPC score try to maintain heavy in their work relationships, while people with lower LPC score are motivated to focus a task accomplishment. LPC means (least preferred co-worker).

The theory state that task or relation motivation is  contingent upon whether the manager is able to control and affect the groups situational favourability or outcome according to the theory you can access the situation favourability by three factors.

Lead manager relation, this address the managers’ perception of his cooperatives relations with his subordinates. In other words cooperation between you and your employees is good or bad.

Task structures, this is about the structure of the work task in highly structured, subject to standard procedures and subject to adequate measures of the assessment, a certain task is very structured standardize  and asses as the operation of an assembly line.

Position power, this is as about if the manager levels of authority based on pushing or rewarding behaviour, example does the manager derive his authority from providing bonuses for meeting sales goals or terminating employees for failure to meet the goals.

The combination of leader-members relations, task structures and position power create different situation that have been coined octants one through eights.

Ability of manager LPC to influencing the group and employee behaviour intermediate situation that is high PLC and lower LPC is unfavourable situation.

Assumption of this theory

This theory is for organizing and adaptively by developing strategic plan with alternative sceneries.

Maze of goals governs the development of events

Different manager’s approaches may be appropriate within the same organization.

Different leadership style that suit different situation.

This theory help in organizing and respond to uncertainty environment by identify possible events that may occur and by preparing alternate strategies to deals within them.