LIST
OF TABLE AND FIGURES
Table
1 Distribution of respondents by education level…………………………………….12
Figure 1 of main occupation of
respondents…………………………………………………13
Table 2 distribution table on
attractions found on Kalenga village………………………….14
Figure 3 challenges in Kalenga village……………………………………………………….17
ABSTRACT
Community participation in any destinations is
regarded as an important tool for successful tourism development. It is
agreed that active community participation in the decision making process will
benefit local communities. This research discusses the participation in tourism
activities of local communities of Kalenga village in Iringa region with the
objectives of identifying the tourism activities conducted in Kalenga village,
analyzing local community awareness and perception on tourism activities, to
determine the number of employed community members in tourism industry and to
analyze reasons of participating or not participating in tourism activities.
The data was collected through questionnaires and structured interview
methods. The results shows that the level of community participation in tourism
activities is poor due to the fact that; poverty of local community,
participating on other economic activities, low level of education about
tourism industry and poor support of government. Normally tourism development
goes hand in hand with the local community participation so the efforts from
government and entire local community need to be done in to ensure the active
participation of local community and accelerate the development of tourism
activities to the village.
Initially, and most importantly, I want to thank God without whom I could not have finished this part of my journey.
I am very appreciative to my research supervisor Prof: Maganga. S. L. S.
who provided me critical and valuable support throughout the whole process of
preparation and completion of this research. Thank you for giving me
opportunities for consultation, valuable comments, edits and recommendations.
I would like to offer my sincerest gratitude to the people of Kalenga
village including the chair man of the village with entire village leaders for
offering me their valuable time, resources, assistance, cooperation and
opinions during data collection. Thank you for giving me the time to accept
through my study, interviews and questionnaires.
I would like to extend my thankfulness to Higher Education Students’
Loan Board (HESLB) for partly facilitate my research and studies at SUA. My
gratitude also goes to Mr and Mrs Kaokole who provided me accommodation during
my study at Kalenga village. Thank you all for your remarkable support.
Special thanks to my family especially my father, my mother, my sisters
and my brothers for your moral, financial and spiritual support. Thank you for
always be there for me wherever I am in good or hard time. Thank you for making
me whom I am today. My life would not be the way it is today without you. I am
forever thankful by all your love, care, kindness and compassion.
Moreover, I would
be remiss if I did not acknowledge some key people in my life who provided
immovable and great love and support; my best friend (Denis Mwageni), my roommates, classmates and
other friends.
It is hard to mention everybody and I would like to thank everybody who
contributed in one way or another to make me through the long journey of
pursuing my degree in Tourism Management at Sokoine University of Agriculture.
DECLARATION
I, NGOWO FELIC do here by to declare
to senate of Sokoine University of Agriculture that the work presented here is
my original work and has been not submitted for any degree award in any other
university.
Student: Signature…………………………….
Date………………………
Supervisor Signature …………………………Date
………………………..
DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to God who
created me and who is still supporting me up to this moment, and to my beloved
mother Catherine Udandale, my father Lenard Ngowo and to my lovely friend Denis
Mwageni.
UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization
NGOs
Non- Governmental Organizations
USD
United States Dollar
KCM
Kalenga Community Member
DEAT Department
of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
GDP Gross Domestic Product
MRSC Municipal Research and Services Centre
TTSS
Tanzania Tourism Sector Survey
CBT Community Based Tourism
ESCAP Eastern
Cape Tourism Board
WWF World Wildlife Foundation
VICOBA Village
Community Bank
HESLB Higher Education Students’ Loan
Board
TTS Tourist Travel Service
SUA
Sokoine University of Agriculture
Tourism sector is a fast developing
industry for the economy worldwide (UNWTO, 2009). In 2010, there were over 940
million international tourist arrivals worldwide, representing a growth of 6.6%
when compared to 2009 which accounted for more than 10% of total employment and 11% of global GDP (UNWTO, 2010). Globally tourism help in generating income, providing
employment, influence environmental conservation and local culture
preservation (Richard,
2001). Tourism earnings from international arrivals in 2008 increased to USD
944 billion from USD 857 billion in 2007 (UNWTO, 2009).
Participation of local community plays
a big role in tourism development worldwide. The option of using local people
participation approach seems to be more practical, not only for the sake of
development of tourism but also for the purpose of being efficient in tourism
activities (Charles, 2006). The local people are usually the ones who receive
the strongest impacts, also they are group of people who are more suitable for
monitoring as well as evaluating the changes happening to tourism activities than
anyone else to their community (Samwel, 1986). The influence of tourism
activities to local community offer hand crafts products with reasonable price,
local food and beverage, architectures, traditional dances and practicing their
cultural beliefs (Addison, 2000).
Tourist
trips to developing countries are increasing by 6% per year, where 20% of these
new tourists go to Africa, including Morocco, Egypt, South Africa, Kenya and
Tanzania. So what’s driving the trend of tourism development is due to the
development of tourism activities that appeared as early as the 1960’s
particularly in Kenya. The increase of tourism activities
happened due to the working with local
who play part as a marketing element (Francis et al. 2005).
The effectiveness of local community
participation made tourism as major economic sector and driver of development
for many countries in Africa (Cheong & Miller, 2000). Tourism contributes directly and through its immense multiplier
effects on other sectors such as agriculture, forestry, mining and fisheries
industries. Africa promotes participation of local communities in tourism
activities by providing opportunities and power in decision making towards
tourism, skills, training, capital and market through their customer skills and
their interpersonal skills (Gebhard et
al. 2011). All these are
shaped by government policies, regulations, duties provider and other private
sectors including non government organization (Gebhard et al 2011). The failure to involve local
communities in tourism activities result Africa fail to perform effectively in
tourism activities hence reduction of economy due to decrease of number of
tourists visiting Africa as a destination (Nelson, 2007). There are number of
benefits to be gained by participating with the host community, for instance
tour operators are able to gain access to local villages, while local community
receive income and the elders within the community spread knowledge of their
culture, that lead tourists to consume the local communities culture and
improving the quality of their lives and maintaining their social and religious
value (Ashley, 1998).
Tourism
industry in Tanzania is flourishing and is rated among the fastest growing
sectors in the country and it takes a lead in bringing foreign exchange (UNWTO,
2010). The tourism industry continued to grow in 2008, with the number of
tourist arrivals increasing by 7.4% to 770,376, compared to the level recorded
in 2007 (TTSS, 2010). The most visited attractions in Tanzania are wildlife
based attractions as the dominating tourism activities in the country, followed
by the mountains, cultural attractions, marine attractions, resort attractions
where the most tourists travel enjoy the nature of the environment and their
wealth (UNWTO,
2010).
Participatory
method between tourism industry and local community is mostly used to develop tourism
activities in Tanzania. A good example is the industry providing opportunities
for local people to sell their local products, performing traditional dances,
selling agricultural products, involving local people in tourism planning and
decision making as well as employment and other related benefits from tourism
activities. Community
participation also is the mechanism for active community involvement in partnership
working, decision making and representation in community structures (Chapman
&Kirk, 2001). It should be noted
that community participation often means the involvement of people or community
with the government. For
instance, Monduli Community Based Tourism succeeded to involve local community
in tourism activities that resulted into the following benefits; supporting the
growth of national and regional economy, stronger and more diverse of tourism
industry in northern Tanzania, reduction of rural poverty, conservation of wildlife
and natural resources, diversification of rural economy and income sources,
economic opportunities and benefit for rural communities (Akunaay et al.
2003). Without local
community participation, there is obviously no partnership, no development and
no program in tourism activities, hence lack of community participation in
decision making to implement tourism development can lead to failure in the
tourism development (Miranda, 2007).
The local community needs to be involved in tourism activities
due to the several reasons that are; they live within the tourism destinations
and are much affected by tourism and conservation measures. They are engaged in
the tourism industry (directly or indirectly) and therefore they influence
tourism development. Their businesses usually benefit from the tourism
activities participation, natural resources and services provisions in the area
with tourism activities. They may be required to carry out certain tasks to
achieve the sustainable tourism development goals. They can also cause major
degradation and depletion of natural resources. They may utilise it to such a
degree that they threaten the tourism development. They constitute part of
future generations for whom the natural and cultural heritage should be
maintained (Gebhard
et al. 2008).
Likewise, local community in Iringa
specifically Kalenga village participate more in other various agricultural
activities and other entrepreneurial works which contribute much in the economy
of the country and the region in general. Kalenga is a historical village where
the headquarter of Chief Mkwawa is
located, the place from where chief Mkwawa commanded the whole of Wahehe tribe
by breaking down all of the other small tribes and name it as the single tribe
called Wahehe. His official residence
and military base were inside a stone fort called Lipuli. These days Kalenga is
a Memorial Mkwawa Museum site. It is also a pathway to Ruaha National Park. All
these Kalenga features show opportunity for local people to participate in
tourism activities. This study is assessing how they participate in tourism
activities in the village.
Tourism industry
is often referred to as the world’s largest industry and regarded as a means of
achieving sustainable development and it represents significant economic,
environmental, and socio-cultural opportunities for many local communities (Sharpley,
2002). The importance and need for community participation in building strong capacity
communities for tourism development cannot be ignored (Aref et al. 2010). Community participation can be seen as a process whereby
the residents of a community are given a voice and a choice to participate in
issues affecting their lives. In addition to that, community participation in
tourism development processes can support and uphold local culture, tradition,
knowledge and skills, and create pride in community heritage (Lacy et al. 2002). The goal of community participation is to improve
communication between stakeholders in the interest of facilitating better
decision-making and sustainable development (Nampila, 2005).
Similarly Kalenga is
a Memorial Mkwawa Museum with tourism attractions that attract tourists direct
and other tourists pass there on the way to Ruaha National Park. But local
community are ignored and they are not given the equal opportunity to
participate in tourism activities as well as in decision making in tourism
activities hence they do not see the potential of Kalenga village as a tourism
destination. Therefore this study was assessing how local community
participates in tourism activities in Kalenga village.
This study was useful to speed up community
participation in tourism activities as active actors rather than passive, manage
their tourism resources, make decisions and control the tourism activities that
affect their lives and to raise the awareness and positive perception of the
local people in tourism activities.
·
To identify the tourism activities conducted in Kalenga village.
·
To analyse local community awareness and perception on tourism
activities at Kalenga village.
·
To determine the number of employed community members in tourism
industry at Kalenga village.
·
To analyze the reasons of participating or not participating in tourism
activities.
1.4
Research questions
·
What
tourism activities are conducted to the area?
·
How
many community members are employed in tourism industry at Kalenga village?
·
What
are local communities’ perceptions and awareness on tourism activities in the
area?
·
What
are reasons of participating or not participating in tourism activities?
Tourism is the travel of tourists to
destinations of not more than one year and returning back to beginning point,
their purpose of travelling including; leisure (recreation, health sport
holyday study, business (workshops, conferences, meetings, trade fairs,
exhibition and shopping) and family(visiting friends and relatives) (Lwoga,
2011).
2.1.2 Community
Refers as the group of people living close
and share some common values within the shared geographical location which is
more than unit of household, normally community have four shared elements that
are membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs and shared the emotional
connection (McMillan & Chavis, 1986).
2.1.3
Community participation
Defined as the process of equitable
and active involvement of all stakeholders in formulating the development
policies and strategies and analyzing, planning, implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of development activities. In order to allow for a more equitable
development processes local community as stakeholders need to be empowered to
increase their level of knowledge, influence and control their own livelihoods
(Charles, (2006).
Tourism activities is the interrelated phenomena
which need a link of interaction of tourists, governments, organizations and
local communities in the process of attracting and hosting tourists and other
visitors to the particular destination. But it is believed that tourism is a hidden
industry because its processes of
tourism development is often left to private developers and leisure service
providers in terms of provisions of
transportation, packing and entertainment services (Harrill & Potts,
2003). Additionally, tourism is also invisible to some planners, so tourism
research has also recently come to be a favorite research subject in community
development researches (Galston & Baehler, 1995). Tourism activities can
have no qualm to local, national, and international levels if it provides the
benefit to local community. Also it should not form the core element of a
community’s economy, but is better suited to play a supplementary role to help
diversify community economic activities like being employed to tourism
activities, improving their community services including superstructure and
increasing their level of living standard (Godfrey &Clarke, 2000).
The
development of tourism activities in a country is sustained into various issues
that occur from tourism’s contribution to development in a widespread into a
systematic way. Issues of policy-making, planning, management and the
participation of the private sector and other stakeholders including local
community must be addressed in terms of opportunities for action and possible
constraints that need to be overcome by intensive efforts. With these
considerations in mind, the members of local communities need to take the
initiative to adopt a plan of action for tourism development in their regions.
This include to design a comprehensive guideline for addressing governmental
policy making, planning and managing tourism development, identifies areas to
work with various stakeholders (ESCAP, 2001).
2.3
Community awareness
To
improve the understanding and the importance of tourism to the local community
in the country is one of the key successes in developing sustainable tourism
that will help to mobilize development of tourism activities. The improvement
can be done through assessment of tourism information to the particular
community, making communication, public awareness campaigns, tourism school
programs, media relations and publicity,
advertising, youth-based campaigns, working class campaigns including the identification
and engaging community leaders, NGOs, and municipal officials. The provisions
of awareness to local community help to encourage participation in tourism
product development, to increase the sensitiveness to tourists' needs,
contributes to the accelerated implementation of the national tourism strategy,
to highlight the importance of tourism, and to run the supporting regulatory
and institutional change and increase economic opportunities for the country (Chemonics,
2005). Also the promotion of better
understanding on the issue related to sustainable tourism development will
support on identifying the ways and means to balance the sustainable tourism
development with environmental protection and to know how to make proper usage
of local tourism resources (ESCAP, 2001). Community with tourism
awareness will share the common goal of the long-term preservation of the
natural environment, effective conservation of natural ecosystem, the equitable
share of tourism benefits and its other tourism attractions that will foster
the development of tourism activities in a particular destination with the
ideas in their mind of believing that tourism should be environmentally
sustainable, economically viable and socially equitable to their daily life
(WWF, 2001).
The process of insuring participation of the local
community in tourism activities is very important for sustaining the
management, conservation and development of tourism activities (Giongo et al. 1993). According to Dalal (1997) and their fellows discuss the benefits from
tourism to local community are obtained from two situations that are through
linking the local people who are living outside the tourism destinations through
improving their benefit sharing offers like providing the social services
including building schools and supplying water system. The second thing is
through establishing the tourism initiatives that will be owned communally like
community based tourism (CBT), eco-tourism and other sustainable tourism
development (Dalal et al. 1997).
To
involve the local community into different tourism activities is mainly done
for two main reasons that are; democratic reasons as characterized by free and
equal participation in the decision making processes of the tourism
organization as one of the main principle of the concept of
sustainable development of tourism activities. The second reason is to ensure
the success of the planning of tourism activities. The members of the local society
influence the implementation of the plan through, obeying the rules and regulations
set in the plan, undertaking certain activities developed in the plan and
allocating the resources necessary to achieve the plan's goals. The success of
the plans implementation depends on how people committed towards achieving the goals.
If people participate from the beginning of the planning process and can really
influence its goals and objectives, they are much more likely to identify
themselves with the plan and feel responsible for its implementation (Gebhard
et al. 2008). The different authors identified the typologies of
how the local community can involved in tourism activities. That includes passive
participation, consulting, material incentives, functional participation, interactive
participation and self-mobilization (Pretty, 1995).
2. 5 Tourism attractions development
According to Pearce (1999) present an
operational definition of a tourism attraction as being a named site with a
specific human or natural feature which is the focus of visitor and management attention.
Lwoga (2011) identified the different types of tourism attractions basing on
their major purpose of the trip and the nature of tourism activities practiced to
the particular destination. According to purpose of tourist visit identified
the types of tourism attraction as leisure or holiday tourism and business
tourism. Coming to the nature of the tourism activities also mention the types
tourist attractions as adventure tourism, gambling tourism, rural or farm
tourism, health tourism, sports tourism, sex tourism, urban tourism, cultural
tourism and space tourism.
Lew (1987) describe the tourism attractions into three perspectives that
are ideographic definition and description of attraction types, divided attractions
into three main types nature, nature human interface, and human. Argues that each
of the three main types can be further divided into three subsets. The nature
type can be divided into general environments, specific features, and inclusive
environments. The nature-human interface set can be divided into observational,
leisure nature, and participatory, and the third type, human can be divided
into settlement infrastructure, tourist infrastructure, and leisure
superstructure.
Gunn (1988) divides tourism attractions by considering the nature of the trip being experienced by the tourist who intended for circuit use and those for longer stay use. This has a weakness as; the intention of visitors visiting regional areas can change during their visit as they can move from being touring visitors to spending longer at one destination. Prentice (1993) divide tourism attractions by considering the main subject presented at the attraction. Discuss the nature of the tourism attractions should relate with the expectation for visiting, the benefits gained and other consumer behavior to particular types of attractions. In other words, it is possible to relate demand features to supply characteristics through relating the characteristics of visitor segments to the attractions with the main. This typology has weakness as tourists may visit different types of attraction when their travel party changes and the fact that people have a variety of needs to satisfy.
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
Kalenga is a village found
within Iringa district with its total population of 2025. The common tribe in
Kalenga is Wahehe in Kiswahili is the ethnic group of the area and the tribe
was so called because of their fighting cry of he-he-hee. The place is located at latitude 7.8° East, longitude 35.6° South and is situated along
Ruaha National Park road. Its altitude ranges from 1,500 meters to 2,500 meters
(5.365 feet) above sea level. Its distance from Iringa town is about 12 km. The
means of transport to get to the area is through minibus from Iringa town. The climatic
condition of the area is quite cool in the evening and early in the morning
especially in June, July, and August. General temperature is 27°C / 80.6°F.
3.2 Sampling design
The technique
was in form of probability sampling,
specifically stratified random sampling with different homogenous group who
share the common features. Those stratified group was Kalenga museum workers
(tour guides), secondary students, teachers (secondary and primary teachers),
farmers and village leaders. A sample size of 60 respondents from 2025 of total
population with age range from 18 years old and above, was drawn randomly from
a total of common featured population. Each person from homogenous population
had the equal chance of being a representative to provide the information. Twenty five respondents were interviewed whereby five
of the respondents were village leaders, 4 were Mkwawa museum workers and 16
were VICOBA community members. Questionnaire were provided to thirty five (35)
respondents whereby twenty five (25) were from secondary school and ten (10)
were from primary school. The same questionnaires were asked according to their
different strata in order to have different ideas about their participation.
3.3 Data collection
Both primary and secondary data was
collected. Primary data were obtained directly from the study area while
secondary data were collected from literature including books from the library,
online articles, journals and proceedings. The data collected were both
qualitative and quantitative data.
3.3.1 Method of data collection
3.3.1.1 Questionnaires
The questionnaires provided were closed
ended and open ended questionnaires. These helped to collect the information of
identifying the tourism activities conducted in a village, investigate local
community awareness and perception on tourism activities, to determine the
number of employed community members in tourism industry and to analyze the
reasons of participating or not participating in tourism activities. The questionnaires
were distributed to Kalenga secondary school, Kalenga primary school and to
Kalenga Mkwawa museum centre because these respondents had ability of reading
and writing.
3.3.1.2 Structured interview
The systematic conversation between a
researcher and respondent was done. Each question was asked in the same way to
each respondent in order to have a good comparison of the data from one
respondent to another respondent. Both structured and unstructured
interview was used in which structured had the same way of asking questions to
the respondents, while unstructured interview allowed a respondent to talk free
on a given topic or questions.
3.4 Data analysis
The data obtained
were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel program especially quantitative data. In
Microsoft Excel the figures and tables were produced which are highly assisted
with the discussion of the results. Qualitative data was being organized and
briefly discussed in paragraph form.
The data was collected from community
of Kalenga village who have different profile that is level of education, their
main occupation, sexual category,
marital status and their range of their ages.
The characteristics of the respondents had important suggestions on the
assessing the participation in tourism activities of local community. According
to the results 51% were females and 49% were male representing sexual category.
Again 45% were single, 34% married, 21% widow and spinster. Others as explained below
4. 1. 2 Levels of education of respondents
Respondents interviewed and provided
questionnaire had different levels of education as shown in the table 1.
Table 1 Distribution of respondents by
education level
Level of education Number of respondences Percentage
Primary
education
19
32
Secondary
education (o-level)
23
38
Secondary
education (A-level)
10 17
Adult
education
3
5
Non
educated
3 5
Other education 2 3
Total
60
100
4. 1. 3 Main occupations of respondents
The respondent’s occupations were
42% farmers, 34% teachers, 17% Students and 7% tourism workers. The results show that the number of
respondents employed in tourism activities is too small compared to people who
are employed in other economic sector.
Figure 1 of main occupation of respondents
4.1. 4 Age of respondent
The age of respondents were, 15% aged between 18-23 years old, 45% aged between 24-33 years old, 25% aged between 34-43 years old, 5% of aged 44-53 years old and 10% of age 54-63 years old and. This shows that a village has greater number of youth and adults than old people. So the effort on fighting for development is great because youth and adults have ability to work than elders.
4. 1.5 Community understanding on tourism term
A high number of local community of Local community does not
understanding the meaning of tourism. This is proved from the definitions
written by them. Only 7% knows the definitions of tourism, 85% of local
community knows nothing on tourism definitions and 9% know something on tourism
word.
4.1.6 Tourism attractions found in Kalenga village
The data from local community shows
that 92% of people have awareness on tourism attractions that found on their
village. Several attractions were mentioned that include Mkwawa museum, social
cultural practices, fort of Mkwawa, natural bridge of god, Ruaha river, Mkwawa
anthill and local farming activities. According to the result, the high number
of local community know Mkwawa museum, natural bridge of god and Mkwawa anthill
as shown in the table 3.
Figure 3 distribution table on
attractions found on Kalenga village
4.1.7 Tourism activities in village
From local
community results, the mentioned tourism activities conducted in the village are
nature walk and attending traditional dances. The tourists participate more on nature walk by 67%, 33%
for tourist attending traditional dances.
4.1.8 Participation level of local community in tourism activities
The members of Kalenga village have slight
chance to participate in tourism activities. Sixty percent (60%) of local
communities said they are not participating in tourism activities and they know
nothing about tourism development. The 40% of Kalenga communities said they are
participating in tourism activities through the following ways; tour guiding as
information provider, visiting sites and selling local products.
4.1.9 Benefits gained from tourism participation
The benefits that Kalenga community
obtains from tourism participation are low. Results show 47% of local community benefit by gaining education
and experience, getting history and information of Kalenga village, increase
their social interaction, improving human life due to tip gained from tourists
and selling some local products. Fifty three (53%) do not benefit because they
are not participating in tourism activities, poor monitoring of tourism
activities, lack of tourism promotion, inaccessibility of the area and poor
transport and communication.
4.1.10
Factors for tourism development
The village community members provided
different factors that will be used to ensure the development of tourism
activities in their village. Factors provided were; providing education
concerning tourism activities, ensuring the community participation, provisions
of good social services like electricity and water, maintaining peace and security
in all aspects like social and political aspects, improving infrastructure and
communication facilities, selling local
products and high government support.
4.1.11 Perceptions of tourism activities
The high number
of local communities in Kalenga village has positive perception on tourism
activities. That means 67% of respondents have positive perception due to
different benefits they gained from tourism activities. On the other hand 33% had negative perception
and their reason was nothing they gain from tourism.
4.1.12 Tourism investors to the village
The development of tourism activities
to the village is not supported with any investor as it was said by respondents.
The sector is operating itself by depend budget from the government that takes
long process to get to the village. Hence it leads to the slow development of
the tourism activities to the Kalenga village.
4.1.13 Other economic activities conducted to the village
Respondents mentioned many other
economic activities conducted to the village as; agricultural activities,
entrepreneur activities, livestock keeping and small fishing in Ruaha River. High percentage of local community participate
more on agricultural activities, and then others engage in livestock keeping. Many women participate in the entrepreneur
activities and small group of local community participate in fishing
activities. The existences of the other economic activities are among factors
that lead to the poor participation in tourism activities.
4.1.14 Number of tourist visiting to the village
It is estimated that the number of
tourists who visiting to the site is approximately 50-300 guests per week. Their
activities are more in visiting to the tourism attractions, viewing Mkwawa museum
and engaging in traditional dances.
4.1.15 Challenges in tourism activities
Kalenga community members especially
village leaders and tourism workers face different challenges. About 57% of
community members mentioned the challenges like poor transportation system,
absence of tourism lecture rooms, lack of tourism professional that develop the
tourism activities, poor commitment of tourism workers, shortage of salaries
and wages provided to tourism workers. The following is the figure analyzes
challenges and its percentage of respondents.
Figure 3 challenges in Kalenga village
Kalenga is a potential village with
different tourism attractions and tourism activities that take place within the
village as the results in figure 2 show. These attractions are Mkwawa museum where
different tools used by Mkwawa to fight against colonies, Wahehe local tools
used in different activities such as pounder and hand mill for pulverize their
crops, history of Mkwawa administration and Mkwawa’s skull are found. Moreover Fort of Mkwawa was built to show the
protection and authority of chief Mkwawa during his administration. Furthermore
natural bridge of God with traditional believes of having ancestral spirit of Mkwawa’s
mother who died there at that time. Again Ruaha river where local fishing
activities is done and Mkwawa anthill
composed by Chief Mkwawa through mixing
soil from different conquered weak colony and include in its administration as
among of his colony and local
farming activities like sunflower, maize, beans, cucumber and tomatoes farming.
The presence of tourism attractions
and its activities conducted to the village is not well developed. There is a
need to improve the development of tourism industry. In the village the tourism activities conducted for the aim
of encouraging visitors to gain enjoyment and recreation and earning
money for the destination conservation. The success of the local community
participation on tourism activities depends on the tourism attractions, good
relationship with Government, tourism development and other supporting
factors within the community (Dyer et al. 2007). So generally the introduction of tourism sector
in a particular place need to complete the different aspects including the four
main aspects as improving
tourism-related infrastructure, support pro-poor community based tourism (CBT)
projects in the rural areas of these countries, facilitate private sector
participation in tourism marketing and promotion, establish mechanisms to
increase sub-regional cooperation and facilitate the movement of tourists
across borders. In meeting these aspects help to improve tourism related
infrastructure, reducing poverty, community-based tourism development,
enhancing sub-regional cooperation for sustainable tourism and implementation
assistance and institutional strengthening because tourism activities will
generate income used for tourism development (GMS 2007).
4.2.2 Challenges in tourism activities
Kalenga community faces many
challenges to its tourism development. But the main challenge is poor transport
system within the village in which accessibility between attractions is very
difficult. According to MRSC (2005) argued that, Tourism is all about travel which links various destinations, people,
goods and services. Also tourism is largely expanded to the area due to the improvement
of transportation which destinations has. The transportation will help to make
the area to be accessed with the visitors and help to ensure the marketability
of the attractions.
Poor community interest in tourism industry, poor service levels and negative
perceptions towards tourism is a restriction to greater local participation in
the tourism industry if not managed correctly this lead to poor interest in
tourism activities (DEAT 2009). Kalenga Community members (KCM) have no interest on the
development of tourism activities that may be the factor that made them to be left out in tourism participation and
planning. This condition resulted in wrongdoing and negative actions against
the tourism industry such as harassing visitors.
4.2.3 Employed community members in tourism industry at Kalenga village
From the results in figure 3, the number of
community members employed in tourism industry is only 7% of the total
community members employed in tourism sector. The employed worker is working as
tour guides. Though there are several opportunities that villagers can be
employed to improve development of tourism in the village, most community
members fail to participate as employed members due to the poor development of
tourism industry in the destination. So low number of community members working
in tourism industry is one of the factors that led to poor entrance of tourists
to the destinations. This is due to the fact that local community are the one
having a lot of information about the destination, thus failing to involve them
result into having inaccurate information about the area.
4.2.4 Community participation in tourism activities
The results showed that the number of
local community participating in tourism activities is poor compared to their
participation in other economic activities. The results show that only 40% of
local communities engage in tourism activities by working as tour guides who
provide information about the site together with interacting tourists with the
local community. Others participate by visiting tourist site where they gain
knowledge and experience for their benefit. Also others participate by selling
local products where they earn income for their life.
The rest 60% of local community are
participating in other economic activities like agriculture, entrepreneurship,
fishing and livestock keeping. Their reasons for not participating in tourism
activities are; not interested with tourism activities, Kalenga community
members are not interested with tourism activities due to their culture, for
instance some villagers believed that people who participate in tourism activities
are lazy. Also the other reason is poverty where large numbers of local
community have no income to run tourism activities; their income is fixed for
their family needs hence fail to have disposable income for engaging in tourism
activities. Moreover local community participates in other economic activities,
because they earn more income as they could do in tourism activities. These are
agriculture activities like irrigation farming, entrepreneurship, livestock keeping
and fishing activities to Ruaha River. Additionally, lacks of education
concerning tourism activities caused local community fail to participate in
tourism activities. The local community explained, many seminars like irrigation,
agriculture and livestock seminars were provided to them in order to improve
their production. But there is no any tourism seminar that was provided to make
them aware about tourism activities.
In addition to that local traditional
beliefs put in spirit of fear to local community as other attractions believe
to have ancestral spirit hence the occurrence of different events like emerging of snakes, fire eruption, people singing and
unmoral coldness in the site. The events happen during day or night time which
cause resident to exist in vicinity to attraction to shift to another area.
Poor service provided by tourism workers lead to the poor experience gained
about tourism activities. The poor provisions of tourism services is caused by
different factors like shortage of salaries, lack of involvement in tourism
decisions making, shortage number of workers, absence of tourism facilities,
poor personal skills and customer care and poor working condition.
4.2.5
Factors influencing the development of tourism activities
From the results show that the
development of tourism activities to the village falling down. So villagers have the aspiration to
ensure the development of tourism to their village to be among their economic
activities. The different suggestions were provided by villagers on how to
ensure the development in the village such factors were, providing education to
local community about tourism industry. Due to low understanding of community in
tourism industry there is a need of providing training to understand the term and
how is operated and ensure high quality production of tourism products and services
provided to customers or tourists. Another suggestion is improving the tourism
facilities including infrastructures, In Kalenga village there is poor
development of tourism facilities like absence of car used to transport tourist
to different parts of tourist attractions, absence of lecture rooms used by
tour guide when providing the narrations of attractions and rough road to the
destinations. Also other suggestion is to ensure the government support, the
Tanzanian government need to support the development of tourism industries
through providing the budgets for tourism expansion, providing rules, regulations and tourism policies. Then government
should take active steps to ensure development of tourism as an economic sector in order to
create employment opportunities to local communities. Another suggestion is guarantying the good participation of
community members, normally the local community are know the destinations very
well so they have the ability to understand which area is suitable for introduction
of a certain type of tourism activities.
4.2.6 Community understanding and awareness in tourism activities
Tourism term defined in view of four
terms which are, tourism is a temporally, movement of people, to the
destinations, for the particular purposes.
Then from local community definitions they more understand tourism as a
process of moving from one place to another for the particular purposes. Others
define tourism as the observation, system, industry and situation of people to
travel from one place to another. From these understanding shows that local community
needs to be provided education about tourism in order to help them participate
in tourism matters. This action of providing education will be simple to them
due to the education they have. This is proved from the VICOBA (village
community banks) where community members were educated about the Village
Community Bank and up to this time they are grouped by themselves and manage their
VICOBA activities.
4.2.7 Benefit of tourism development
The benefits obtained from tourism activities
are not equally distributed in the village. The responses of the local
communities show that the benefits are individualized and not communally shared.
The individualized benefit is by visiting
the site where they increase their education background and experience, getting
history and information of Kalenga village, increase their social interaction,
improving human life due to tip gained from tourists and selling their local
products.
But tourism industry need to share its
benefits with a community by employing local community in hotels, restaurants, car
rental agencies, tour companies, service stations, souvenirs shops and sports equipment rentals. Furthermore
the industry can share benefits by building school and dispensaries as the way
of eradicating poverty and increasing level of education in the area. Again
income generated from tourism can be used to improve infrastructure, to fund
conservation efforts, and to promote more responsible tourism. So these are the
benefit that can be shared with the local community from tourism industry.
Participation of local community in
tourist industry is very important to speed up tourism development in the area.
It is through participation the community around will find itself responsible
in conservation, ensuring security and innovating new site where tourism
activity can be done. Apart from that participation of local community will
increase their respect to tourist visiting the site. In Kalenga village local
community participation in tourism activities is only 40% where most of them
engage in tour guiding activities and only one local resident is employed to
provide information about the site. Others are involving themselves by visiting
different tourists attractions and by selling local products to tourists where
they earn money for their survival. Non local community member is involved in
planning, decision making, controlling and setting rules and regulation about
the site. The situation hinders participation of local community as nobody who
can give emphasis to them to participate in tourism matters.
However, quality of tourism product is
very important for a successful tourism industry. Kalenga has different
stimulating tourism products that can be offered to the tourists, and it can
provide the following benefits; influence enjoyments, create a stable a market
share, contributes to direct income to local community through selling of
traditional handcrafts, direct and indirect employment, construction of roads,
revenue collection to villages, construction of schools, health centers,
improve life standards, increase
knowledge in studying, stimulating the village development, preserving
respectability of the village to other foreign nations, exchanging of foreign
currencies, water supply, enhance the relationship between local communities
and the tourists. However, a rapid growth of tourism activities in a village is not
quality that lead to the poor benefit of local community from tourism sector,
poor development and attractions of tourist and hence poor participation of
local community in tourism activities due to community ignoring of tourism
products. In tourism industry quality is rapidly becoming the important
competitive instrument in tourism in order to ensure the accessibility of
tourism product.
·
Natural resources and tourism sector should reset the objectives,
developing strategies, making improvements and checking the results of tourism
development of the village. This guide will provide a tool to facilitate
measuring, monitoring and improving the quality performance of Kalenga village
as a tourism destination and ensure good services provision.
·
Promotion of area as a tourist destination helps local communities to
experience the rise in income as the result of increasing number of visitors.
Once the area is promoted local communities will appreciate and participate in
conservation efforts in Kalenga village.
·
Employ workers who are professional on tourism activities who will be
used to make the related decision making concerning tourism development,
instead of employing local community who have never come across with tourism
activities.
·
Facilitating the establishment of purely Wahehe cultural center that
will contain the display of various Wahehe weapons used for fighting, their
cultural dressings, tools for grinding and malting of food crops, cultural
dancing and traditional worshipping.
·
Increasing the number of buildings that will be used as an office for
workers and lecture rooms for providing briefing to tourists before visiting
tourist attractions because other attractions are sensitive tourist need to
have instructions before visiting them.
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5.0 APPENDIXES
1. Name of
interviewer………………………………..
2. Date of
interview ………………………………….
3. Ethnicity …………………………………………
4. Gender
- Male …………
- Female ………..
5. Age of the respondents (……..years)
6. Highest education level of the respondents
attained
- Primary education ………….
- Ordinary Secondary ……………
- Advanced Secondary ……………
- Adult education ………………..
- Others if any (specify) …………….
7. Marital status
- Single
- Married
- Separated
- Widow
8. What is your main occupation?
- Employee (which sector) …………..
- Farming …………………………….
- Others (specify) …………………………..
Appendix 1.2 QUESTIONS FOR LOCAL COMMUNITY (teachers, students and farmers)
1. What do you understand by the word
Tourism?
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Is
there any tourism attractions found in this kalenga village?
(Yes or no)..............................
3. If (yes) what are those attractions?
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. What
is the tourism activities practiced from those mentioned tourism attractions?
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. Do you participate in Tourism
activities in your area?
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
If not why
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
If yes how?
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. Do you benefit anything from
Tourism activities in your area?
If yes, How?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
If no, Explain
……………………………………………………………………..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7. What
do you think are the factors for tourism development in your area? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. What is your perception
on tourism activities in your area?
…………………………………………........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9. Are there any investors
who have invested in tourism related activities in your area?
If
yes, how local communities participate in those investments?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. What are the other activities conducted in
this village?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Appendix 1.3 QUESTIONS TO KALENGA MUSEUM WORKERS (TOUR GUIDES)
1. What benefits do you get from tourism activities?
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Are you involved in any tourism making decisions
Yes or no………………..
3. If yes how
………………....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. If no why
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. How many tourists visiting to your destination per day
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. What
do you think need to be done by the Government of Tanzania so as to ensure the
development tourism in your village?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Appendix 1. 4 QUESTIONS TO VILLAGE LEADERS
1. Is tourism among of your economic sector in your village?
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. How do you involve local community in tourism activities
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. How are you ensuring the community participation in tourism activities?
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. What challenges do you get from ensuring the participation of local
community in tourism activities………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......................................................................
5. How can you improve the
awareness and perception of tourism activities to local community?....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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