A CASE STUDY OF MGOLOLO
SECONDARY SCHOOL IN MUFINDI DISTRICT
SUBMISSION: 03/MAY/2014.
BY MAKOYE AMAN
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The
chapter one of the proposal will
consist of seven sections that will reflect on how the study will be
conducted; the section are Background to the problem ,Statement of the problem,
Research objectives, Significance of the study, Scope of the study and the
Limitation of the study.
Physical
activities are one of the challenges facing the present generation to perform
well in academic matters. The academic achievement is always associated with
mental strength however physical activity has been considered as an important
factor to the effect of these activities within children has enormous person
health consequences. This health condition has the potential impact to economic
validity of societies as a whole.
In
addition physical activities has positively correlated to academic achievement
when integrated in early childhood education program because it has been
associated with increase of life expectance and decrease risk of various
diseases; Physical activity also produce social benefit which help to control
weight, reduce blood pressure, reduce risk of diabetes and some kind of cancer
and help the child to gain self confidence and higher self esteem.
Physical
activities also will primarily review evidences that demonstrate the positive
influence of physical activity on academic achievement in secondary school also
this paper will further focus provide guideline for developing education
program.
Shaddock
(2010), instead of physical activity being unrelated to memory in children
between 4 and 8 years of age, it may be that pre adolescents of higher fitness
have large hippo ample volumes than pre adolescents of low fitness. According
to previous study done by shaddock and colleges (Shaddock, et al 2010) a large
hippo ample volumes and result in better executive control memory, other
studies have suggested that exercise is unrelated to academic performance, perhaps
due to the parameters used to determine exactly what academic performance is
this area of study has been focus for education boards that make decision on
whether physical education should be implemented in the school curriculum, how
much time should be dedicated to physical education and its impacts on other academic
subjects.
Rolland
and collogues (2008), found that Alzheimer’s diseases individual who
incorporated physical activity in their daily lives would reduce cognitive
decline and improve psychological and or physical performance as well as
mobility, balance and strengths. Physical activity reduce risk of Alzheimer’s
diseases, include lowering a body weight as obesity is a risk factor for
Alzheimer’s diseases, a healthy diet and improve blood pressure and
cardiovascular health depression malnutrition and behavior
Disturbances which can lead to faster
cognitive decline are also held with exercise.
However
the physical activity makes an individual to develop high thinking capacity and
improving health of the students.
1.2.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.
The
study aimed to find out the relationship between physical activities and
learning, learning can be influenced by a number of factors among of them are
inheritance, environment and physical activities. Students who exercise physical
activities contribute to the mutual health of the learners and other learning
outcomes in secondary schools.
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES.
1.3.1 General Objectives.
The
general objective of this study is to find out the relationship between
physical activities and learning outcome.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives.
i)
To examine if there is relationship between physical activities and learning
outcome.
ii)
To investigate those physical activities that can affect learning.
iii)
To examine the impacts of physical activities on learning.
iv)
To determine the strategies that could help students to involve in physical
activities.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i)
To what extent do physical activities and learning outcomes relate?
ii)
What are the physical activities that affect learning?
iii)
What are the impacts of physical activities on learning?
iv)
What are the strategies to b e done by a government to help students to involve
in physical activities?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.
The
implementation of this finding will expect to be helped by school
administration because these physical activities will stimulate students’ ideas
for better achievement. Also it will be beneficial to community where parent
who prohibit the children to do this physical activities but through this will end
up to better achievement for both parent and children.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
study will be conducted particularly at Mgololo Secondary school in Makungu
Ward in Mufindi District-Iringa Region. The study will focus on the
relationship between the physical activities and learning outcomes in Tanzania
Secondary schools.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY.
The
study will be encounter with the problems such as insufficient fund, transport
problem weather condition and other constraints.
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.
Research
studies about physical activity and academic achievement have demonstrated that
physical activity influence academic achievement, studies by Chomitz, et al (2009)
pointed out that students who are physically active perform better in academic
than inactive students.
The
relationship between physical activities and academic achievement may be
explained by both physiological and psychological mechanism. From a
physiological perspective, physical active of individuals report higher levels
of self esteems and lower level of anxiety which have both been associated with
improved academic achievement.
Taras
(2005) also demonstrated that, students who are physically active also
demonstrate greater attention during class than sedentary students. Also animal
studies have demonstrated that physical activity stimulates neural development.
Floor Repelk and Ullman (2005), cross-section
studies have demonstrated a passive relationship between physical activity and academic
achievement on their studies they founded that students who passed all
components of the gram had higher academic performance measured by standardize
Illinois state achievement test, this relationship was demonstrated in third and fifth-grade students.
Firin
Specker (2000) indicated that inactive during pre-school may place children to
an increased risk for being overweight which could lead to obesity and place
children at risk for developing all the chronic diseases associated with this
condition.
Trosh,
et all (2003) shows the physical activity behavioral patterns are established
early in life. If children start life with sedentary behavior they are likely to
continue this pattern and to experience many adverse health consequences
referenced in this study
Dr
Karen Martin (2010) , physical activity participation are generally promoted
for their positive impact on children physical and mental health .However ,increased
participation in sports and other forms
of physical activity are also thought to
lead to enhancement of cognitive functioning (information processing ), memory,
concentration, behavior and academic achievement for children. The link between
physical activity and academic achievement is of increasing interest in the
field of education and sport.
Unfortunately
with increasing pressure on schools to ensure children achieve academic success
and the new practice of publicized average grade comparison between schools ,physical activity
classes(such as physical education and sports), are increasingly being pushed
down the curriculum priority list. It appears that time spent in physical
activity during the school day is diminishing at some schools the average at
some schools the average moderate to vigorous physical activity during the
class has been reported as being less than ten minutes daily, removing or
reducing physical activities classes from the school day may be detrimental
children physical and mental health.
The
vast majority of research indicates that replacing academic learning session
with physical activity does not have a detrimental impact on school grades,
indeed some intervention research indicate that increased participation in
physical activity leads to enhance learning and better grades, evidence also
suggest that the achieving a physical
activity may necessary to acquire learning benefits and that participation in vigorous physical activities may further
enhance learning, further to this there is evidence that there has been a
reduction over the years in children
participation in physical activity and organized community sport and this is
particular y evident in Australia.
The
New York City Health Department and Department of Education says physical
activity can have an impact on cognitive skills and attitude and academic
behavior, all of which are important components of improved academic
performance .These include enhanced concentration and attention as well as
improved classroom behavior and there is more active, living research says in
some cases more time in physical education leads to improved grades and
standardized test score.
Physical
activity has beneficial beyond improved
grades, too basic extrapolates current research and connects physical activity
to absenteeism, drop-out rates were lower
for youth consistently participated in interscholastic sports he writes
though cautions that forcing kids to sports will not solve the drop out problem
and plaques many inner city school.
The
National Association for sport and physical education recommended 60 minutes a
day for children and adolescents. School should provide 150 minutes per week of
instructional physical education for elementary school children, and 225
minutes per week for middle and high school students throughout the year.
Children
today find themselves more often in secondary alternatives (Epstein, et al,
1995), for example, children ride a car or bus daily to school have less
physical education, watch more TV, play more sedentary games such as computer
games and do not have as much freedom to play outside on their own, consequently
there is maintaining evidence that even that even all young children are becoming
less physically.
Physical
education, children practice skills and concepts pathways, space awareness
cardiovascular endurance fitness and striking with implement they will explore
the relationship of these skills to the winter Games events of skill.
April
1, 2009, School Districts across the nation revamped curriculum to requirements
of the federal, No child left behind Act, opportunities for children to be
physically active during the school day diminished significantly, Further
Mandates however might be better sewed by taking into account findings from a
university of Illinois study suggesting the academic benefits physical
education classes recess periods and after school exercise program. The
researched by Charles Hillman professor of kinesiology and community health and
the director of the Neuron cognitive Kinesiology laboratory at Illinois, suggest
that physical activity may increase student cognitive control or ability to pay
attention-and also result in better performance on academic performance on
academic achievement.
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
Research
Methodology is the important dependable part of the research where it sets and
stipulates modalities and logical sequence of how the research is to be
conducted right from the initial stage of data collection up to final stage of
data analysis and findings ( Kothari, 2004), is a collective term for the
structured process of conducting research. It is usually a guidelines system
for solving research problem, with specific components such as task, data
gathering and data analysis.
3.1RESEARCH DESIGNS
This
guide a researcher in the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting
data for achieving the objectives of the study ( Kothari, 2004), Are the
strategy, the plan, and the structure of conducting a research project. In this
study of assessing the relationship between physical activities and learning
outcomes the research designs will consider the means of obtaining data,
availability and skills of a researcher, objectives of the problem, nature of
the problem and availability of time and resource for the research work in
Mgololo Secondary School in Mufindi District.
3.2 AREA OF THE STUDY
The
study will be carried out at Mgololo Secondary School located at Makungu Ward
in Mufindi District in Iringa Region- Tanzania. The researcher will collect
right information regarding on the relationship between physical activities and
learning outcomes in Tanzania secondary schools. The area will be suitable because there are
learners and teachers who can find out the relationship between physical
activities and learning outcomes and they will provide the data in details and
described manner. This school has physical exercise, so it will be easy to represent
other secondary schools in Tanzania which also have physical exercise.
3.3 TARGET POPULATION
The
target population will be the students of Mgololo Secondary School in Mufindi
District- Iringa Tanzania. Also will involve teachers from Mgololo Secondary
School to ensure the collection of data is reliable and effective.
3.4
RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
The
study will use qualitative method as a method of used in many academic
disciplines with the aim of gathering an in-depth understanding of human
behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method
investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when.
Hence, smaller but focused sample are used more often used than large samples.
In the conventional view, qualitative method will produce information only on
the particular cases studied, and any more general conclusions will only be
proposed. In this study this method will be involved in collecting primary data
through interview, will also involved in recording explanations from
respondents according to their opinions and feelings about particular asked
questions to an interview.
1.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
A
variety of sampling techniques can be employed, individually or in combination.
Factors commonly influencing the choice between these designs or methodology
includes; nature and quality of the frame, availability of auxiliary
information about units on the frame, accuracy requirements, and the need to
measure accuracy. The following sampling
techniques will be used;
3.5.1 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE (SRS)
Whether
detailed analysis of the sample will be expected to have in a simple random
sample (SRS) of a given size, all such subsets of the frame will be given an
equal probability. Furthermore, any given pair of elements will have the same
chance of selection as any other such pair. This will minimize bias and will
simplify analysis of results. In particular, the variance between individual
results within the sample will be a good indicator of variance in the overall
population, which makes it relatively easy to estimate the accuracy of results
in Mgololo Secondary School.
3.5.2 Systematic sampling
Systematic
sampling also will rely on arranging the study population according to some
ordering g scheme and then selecting elements at intervals through that ordered
list. Systematic sampling will involve a random start and then proceeds with
the selection of every population size or sample size.
3.5.3 Stratified sampling
Stratified
sampling will be used where the population embraces a number of distinct
categories into separate “strata”. Each stratum will then sampled as an
independent sub-population, out of which individuals elements can be randomly
selected in Mgololo Secondary School.
3.6 SAMPLE SIZE
Sample
is the constituted of a few items selected from the population for study (
Kothari, 2004). The sample size of this study will include 30 respondents
comprising of the head master, the academic master, sports and games teacher and
other seven teachers from Mgololo Secondary School in Mufindi District. The
sample also will involve 20 students from Mgololo Secondary School of which 10
will be boys and 10 will be girls. A table for sample size of the study will be
the following;
PARTICIPANTS
|
SEX(M)
|
SEX(F)
|
TOTAL
|
Students
|
10
|
10
|
20
|
Teachers
|
5
|
5
|
10
|
3.7 DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND
TOOLS
The
study will employ questionnaires, observation and interview in collection of
primary data, secondary data will be obtained through documentary review which
includes books, internet sources, research works, magazines and newspapers
which are relevant to the study.
3.7.1 Questionnaire
Questionnaire
will list questions prepared on the basis of objectives of the study to collect
data from the respondents. The researcher will employ close ended questionnaire
because it is cheaper and easily to construct as the study faced limited money
and time. The researcher also will employ open ended questionnaires to a small
extent especially in questionnaires to sampled teachers and students from
Mgololo Secondary School for data collection.
3.7.2 Interview
Interview also will be used through face to
face interaction or dialogue between the researcher and the interviewee in the
process of collecting data for the study. Interview will include structured and
unstructured types of interviews, both will be used in the process of
collecting data, various questions will be asked during interview and the
researcher will be recording responses from respondents. Unstructured interview
will be used when a researcher need more data from the interviewee by asking
for more clarification if responses will be not understood.
3.7.3 Documentary review
Documentary
review will be used to obtain secondary data through reviewing various
documentary reports which includes books, internet sources, magazines and
newspapers which are related to the study. This will help a researcher to
understand what other scholars say about the problem so as to come up with the
valid report and recommendation with regard to the problem.
3.8 TYPES OF DATA TO BE COLLECTED
A
study of relationship between physical exercise and learning will use both the
primary and secondary sources of data.
3.8.1 Primary data
Primary
data, this is the first hand information collected through various methods such
as observation, interview or using a questionnaires (Kothari, 2004). In this
study, primary data will be collected through questionnaires, observations and
interviews from the study area.
3.8.2 Secondary data
Secondary
data, these are data which have been collected and compiled from published
materials such as books, journals, encyclopedias and internet (Kothari, 2004).
Review of the published and unpublished literature especially those considered
more relevant and pertinent to the research problem will be accessed from books
and internet sources also research works which are relevant. Also magazines and
news paper will be used.
3.9 DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis is a process that involves
editing, coding, classifying, tabulating and graphing the collected data
(Kothari, 2004). In this study of assessing the relationship between physical exercises
and learning outcomes in Tanzania secondary schools, the data will be sorted
out or analyzed, the analysis will involves simple statistical, calculations in
percentages, frequencies and distribution table will be used to analyze the
data from the study.
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M.D. (2003). Educational Research: An
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Cohen, L.et al (2000). Research Methods in Education. New York:
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Karen,M
(2006). Improved learning through
Physical Activity, Department of
Education and
Training
(Government western Australia).
Kombo,K et al (2006). Proposal and Thesis writing. Kenya: Pauline’s
publication
Kothari,
C.R (2004), Research Methodology: Method
and Techniques, New Delhi, New Age
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Mawer,
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et al (2008). Physical Activity and Alzheimer’s
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University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (2009),
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